Intelligent Inter and Intra Network Traffic Estimation Technique for DDoS Attack Detection using Fuzzy Rule Sets for QoS Improvement

The quality of service of any network has higher dependency at throughput, latency and service completion strategies. In modern communication systems, there are many loopholes, which could be used by some malicious users to perform various network attacks so that the performance of the network is degraded. There are many denial of service when an approach has been discussed towards the problem of network threats, but still suffers the quality of denial of service attack detection. Propose a service-constrained approach learns the network traffic in various ways like the traffic incurred within the network and that comes from external network. The method uses various features like hop count, hop details, payload, TTl, time and so on. To maintain a rule set with fuzzy value where each rule specifies the feature of genuine packet being received. The incoming packet has to meet any of the rules and the attribute of the packet has to lie between the ranges of values in the rule. The proposed method estimates the inter traffic and intra traffic through the routes of the packet being transferred to identify the genuine nature of the packet being received. In addition, the method maintains set of logs where the packet features are stored to compute the legitimate weight of each packet being received. Based on compute inter and intra traffic values the received packets trustworthy is computed to allow or deny the packet. The proposed method increases the accuracy of DDOS attack detection and helps to improve the performance of the network. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15085

Effect of Acupressure and Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Dysmenorrhoea

Dysmenorrhoea is a common distressing disorder in women that manifests during menstrual phase especially in young females. The subjects suffering from pain during mensuration are considered to be dysmenorrhoeic. In our studies we have used heart rate variability (HRV) as a sensitive marker of autonomic activity.Autonomic nervous system activity was assessed by means of heart-rate variability (HRV) power spectral analysis during supine rest. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in heart rate variability in dysmenorrhoea by assessing sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity and to find out the effect of acupressure therapy whether it is beneficial or not in alleviating the symptoms of dysmenorrhoea. HRV and intensity of pain was assessed before and after acupressure therapy in dysmenorrhoea. Pain intensity was graded using Visual analogue scale. We have noted a significant alteration in autonomic function which may be an important component of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Acupressure therapy has been effective in regulating the autonomic alterations. Acupressure therapy is an ancient Oriental healing method that applies pressure through a blunt probe to specific points on the skin surface which helps to prevent and treat illness. Acupressure therapy has also significantly reduced the dysmenorrhoeic pain as observed from our visual analogue scores. Our study has clearly revealed the beneficial effect acupressure on dysmenorrhea. It is a very simple procedure that can easily be taught to be self practiced by the dsymenorrhoeic females to relieve the pain during mensuration. It will be a simple drugless inexpensive method to relieve the pain without any side effects

A comparative study between 0.5% centbucridine and 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:200,000) for bilateral extraction of mandibular premolar using nerve block anesthesia: a double blind randomized controlled clinical study

Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of 0.5% centbucridine and 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:200,000).Methods: A clinical prospective, controlled, randomized, double blind group study was conducted on 22 patients referred for extraction of mandibular premolars, who were randomly assigned to 2 groups by the split mouth method. Before extraction of mandibular premolar, either 0.5% centbucridine or 2% lignocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline were used for anesthesia. All the patients were given inferior alveolar, lingual, and long buccal nerve blocks. Pain on injection, onset of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate were monitored and recorded.Results: In our study, statistically significant difference was found between the efficacy of agents as for time for onset of anesthesia, duration of action, and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, but no statistically significant difference was found for pain on injection between two groups.Conclusions: The efficacy of centbucridine was found to be more as compared to lignocaine with adrenaline, in rapid onset of anesthesia, longer duration of action, and cardiovascular stability. There was no significant difference in the pain on injection for both centbucridine and lignocaine with adrenaline. Centbucridine can be used in medically compromised condition where adrenaline is contraindicated

Lipid profile analysis of type 2 diabetic patients in Bengaluru population, India

Background: Prevalence of Diabetes in India is 69.2 million, among which type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), constitutes for 90% of all the diabetic populations. Previous studies have proved the association of T2DM, with increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and the level of risk varies among males and females. The present study aims to analyze the lipid profile of T2DM patients and compare the lipid profile of T2DM males and females in Karnataka, Bengaluru population.Methods: The study included 171 T2DM patients, 59 females and 112 males aged 21 years and above. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) concentrations values were analyzed for each group. Paired students t test was applied to identify the differences in lipid profile values of males and females with T2D.Results: The mean value of TC, VLDL-C and LDL-C were higher in overall T2DM patients than the normal range and HDL-C was lower in T2DM patients. Comparison between males and females showed significantly higher LDL-C in females with T2DM than males. Other lipid parameters TC, TG and HDL-C did not show any significant differences between females and males with T2DM.Conclusions: This study demonstrated the existence of dyslipidemia in T2DM population which is major risk factor for CVD. Greater LDL-C was observed in T2DM females compared to T2DM males suggests higher risk for CVD in females compared to males

Comparison on the efficacy of immediate release oxycodone and tramadol in reducing postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting in post laparotomy patients weaned from PCA morphine

Introduction : The introduction of oxycodone into the Malaysian health care system in recent years has opened up another option for postoperative pain relief. We assess the clinical efficacy of oral oxycodone IR in reducing pain as well as nausea and vomiting and compare it to oral tramadol in this postoperative study. Objective: This was a prospective, randomised, double blinded study on the efficacy of oxycodone IR as oral maintenance analgesia in reducing postoperative pain, analgesic requirement and incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients post laparotomy after PCA morphine is weaned off. This study was conducted in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Methodology : We recruited 40 patients undergoing an elective laparotomy for gynaecological surgery. These patients were randomly selected to receive oral oxycodone IR once PCA morphine was weaned off 48 hours post surgery. The other group of patients received the standard oral tramadol. Postoperative pain scores were assessed using the Combination Rating Scale and requirement of rescue analgesia at 2 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours and on day 3 of oral analgesia. Incidence of nausea was documented along with the requirement of rescue antiemetics at the same intervals. Assessment was made by pain services nurses and data was entered using Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS Version 22. Results: This study revealed that patients receiving oral oxycodone IR had significantly lower pain scores of less than 4 which was achieved within 6 hours of treatment. This level was only achieved by the tramadol group at 24 hours of treatment. This is significant with a p value < 0.001 based on time and treatment effects. Requirement of 1st and 2nd line rescue analgesia was significant between groups. 10% of the oxycodone group and 60% of the tramadol group needed 1st line rescue and 5% of the oxycodone group against 40% of the tramadol required rescue analgesia. Incidence of nausea was significantly lower in the oxycodone group only at 2 hours with a p value of 0.022. The requirement of 1st and 2nd line rescue antiemetics was lower in the oxycodone group however remained insignificant with a p value of > 0.05. Finally the mean satisfaction score for patients on oxycodone was 6.85 compared to 5.75 over a score of 10 with a significant mean difference of p value < 0.001. Conclusion : The introduction of oral oxycodone IR in the postoperative period for post laparotomy patients who were weaned from PCA morphine showed better pain scores and less analgesic requirement. These patients also had reduced incidence of nausea at 2 hours and better overall patient satisfaction scores compared to the tramadol group. However, there was no significant difference in the antiemetic requirement between the two group

Sonographic assessment of fetal head deflexion using occiput: spine angle measured during first stage of labour and its role in predicting the mode of delivery among nulliparous women

Background: The attitude of the fetal head during labour significantly influences the progress and outcome of delivery and is mainly diagnosed by vaginal examination during labour. The aim of the study was to quantify the extent of deflexion of the fetal head by measuring the fetal occiput spine angle (OSA) through transabdominal ultrasonography in the first stage of labour and to determine whether the fetal OSA can predict the mode of delivery.Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study on 145 nulliparous uncomplicated singleton pregnant women without occiput-posterior position of the fetus during active labour. The OSA was measured as the angle between the two tangential lines to the occipital bone and the vertebral body of the first cervical spine, during active labour and monitored until delivery. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of the OSA measurement and the correlation between the OSA and mode of delivery were also evaluated.Results: For the study population, the mean value of the OSA measured in the active phase of the first stage was 124.2±11.5⁰. The OSA measurement showed excellent intraobserver agreement (r = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.70-0.80) and fair-to-good interobserver agreement (r = 0.62; 95% CI 0.51-0.71).  The mean OSA was significantly less for the group of patients who required conversion to cesarean section due to labour arrest (n=32) as compared to those who had vaginal delivery (n=113) (116.25±9.2⁰ versus 126.53±11.1⁰, P<0.01). An OSA of ≥121° was associated with vaginal delivery in 80.5% (91/113) of women, whereas 87.5% (28/32) of the women who delivered by cesarean section had an OSA <121⁰.Conclusions: Measurement of the OSA, by sonography is feasible, reproducible and an objective tool to assess the degree of fetal head deflexion during labour and to predict the mode of delivery