Double-reading mammograms using artificial intelligence technologies: A new model of mass preventive examination organization

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the availability of medical datasets and technologies for software development based on artificial intelligence technology has resulted in a growth in the number of solutions for medical diagnostics, particularly mammography. Registered as a medical device, this program can interpret digital mammography, significantly saving time, material, and human resources in healthcare while ensuring the quality of mammary gland preventive studies. AIM: This study aims to justify the possibility and effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based software for the first interpretation of digital mammograms while maintaining the practice of a radiologists second description of X-ray images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dataset of 100 digital mammography studies (50 absence of target pathology and 50 ― presence of target pathology, with signs of malignant neoplasms) was processed by software based on artificial intelligence technology that was registered as a medical device in the Russian Federation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed. Limitations of the study include the values of diagnostic accuracy metrics obtained for software based on artificial intelligence technology versions, relevant at the end of 2022. RESULTS: When set to 80.0% sensitivity, artificial intelligence specificity was 90.0% (95% CI, 81.798.3), and accuracy was 85.0% (95% CI, 78.092.0). When set to 100% specificity, artificial intelligence demonstrated 56.0% sensitivity (95% CI, 42.269.8) and 78.0% accuracy (95% CI, 69.986.1). When the sensitivity was set to 100%, the artificial intelligence specificity was 54.0% (95% CI, 40.267.8), and the accuracy was 77.0% (95% CI, 68.885.2). Two approaches have been proposed, providing an autonomous first interpretation of digital mammography using artificial intelligence. The first approach is to evaluate the X-ray image using artificial intelligence with a higher sensitivity than that of the double-reading mammogram by radiologists, with a comparable level of specificity. The second approach implies that artificial intelligence-based software will determine the mammogram category (absence of target pathology or presence of target pathology), indicating the degree of confidence in the obtained result, depending on the corridor into which the predicted value falls. CONCLUSIONS: Both proposed approaches for using artificial intelligence-based software for the autonomous first interpretation of digital mammograms can provide diagnostic quality comparable to, if not superior to, double-image reading by radiologists. The economic benefit from the practical implementation of this approach nationwide can range from 0.6 to 5.5 billion rubles annually

Stress State at the Vertex of a Composite Wedge, One Side of Which Slides Without Friction Along a Rigid Surface

Abstract For studying the stress-strain state at singular points and their neighborhoods new concept is proposed. A singular point is identified with an elementary volume that has a characteristic size of the real body representative volume. This makes it possible to set and study the restrictions at that point. It is shown that problems with singular points turn out to be ambiguous, their formulation depends on the combination of the material and geometric parameters of the investigated body. Number of constraints in a singular point is redundant compared to the usual point of the boundary (it makes singular point unique, exclusive). This circumstance determines the non-classical problem formulation for bodies containing singular points. The formulation of a non-classical problem is given, the uniqueness of its solution is proved (under the condition of existence), the algorithm of the iterative-analytical decision method is described. Restrictions on the state parameters at the composite wedge vertex, one generatrix of which is in non-friction contact with a rigid surface are studied under temperature and strength loading. The proposed approach allows to identify critical combinations of material and geometric parameters that define the singularity of stress and strain fields close to singular representative volumes. The constraints on load components needed to solution existence are established. An example of a numerical analysis of the state parameters at the wedge vertex and its neighborhood is considered. Solutions built on the basis of a new concept, directly in a singular point, and its small neighborhood differ significantly from the solutions made with asymptotic methods. Beyond a small neighborhood of a singular point the solutions obtained on the basis of different concepts coincide

Stress State at the Vertex of a Composite Wedge, One Side of Which Slides Without Friction Along a Rigid Surface

<div><p>Abstract For studying the stress-strain state at singular points and their neighborhoods new concept is proposed. A singular point is identified with an elementary volume that has a characteristic size of the real body representative volume. This makes it possible to set and study the restrictions at that point. It is shown that problems with singular points turn out to be ambiguous, their formulation depends on the combination of the material and geometric parameters of the investigated body. Number of constraints in a singular point is redundant compared to the usual point of the boundary (it makes singular point unique, exclusive). This circumstance determines the non-classical problem formulation for bodies containing singular points. The formulation of a non-classical problem is given, the uniqueness of its solution is proved (under the condition of existence), the algorithm of the iterative-analytical decision method is described. Restrictions on the state parameters at the composite wedge vertex, one generatrix of which is in non-friction contact with a rigid surface are studied under temperature and strength loading. The proposed approach allows to identify critical combinations of material and geometric parameters that define the singularity of stress and strain fields close to singular representative volumes. The constraints on load components needed to solution existence are established. An example of a numerical analysis of the state parameters at the wedge vertex and its neighborhood is considered. Solutions built on the basis of a new concept, directly in a singular point, and its small neighborhood differ significantly from the solutions made with asymptotic methods. Beyond a small neighborhood of a singular point the solutions obtained on the basis of different concepts coincide.</p></div