Iowa Swiss-type cheese

New types of cheese for Iowa have been receiving the attention of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station for a number of years. A previous publication (1) described the method of manufacture which has been used in the production of many thousands of pounds of Iowa Blue Cheese. This publication deals with the process used in the Iowa State College laboratories in manufacturing a Swiss-type cheese. In the course of these experiments a total of 25,136 lbs. of the cheese has been manufactured and marketed, utilizing approximately a quarter of a million pounds of milk

Iowa blue cheese

Iowa is an importer of cheese. In 1933 Iowa dairy plants manufactured 1,491,822 pounds of cheese.2 In the same year consumption is estimated to have been 10,254,397 pounds, using the 1933 United States Department of Agriculture figure of 4.15 pounds per capita and 1930 Iowa census figures as a basis of computation. In 1933 Iowa dairy plants produced 14.6 percent of the cheese consumed in the state. If this percentage could be greatly increased it would result in a larger and more diversified market for Iowa milk. Production of cured cheese in Iowa has up to the present consisted almost entirely of the staple variety known as Cheddar or American cheese. Small production has not been the result either of lack of milk or of inability to produce an acceptable cheese. Rather it has been the inability of the average dairy plant to pay enough more for milk to be used for cheesemaking to divert the milk from other manufacturing uses, principally butter. The high value placed by the Iowa farmer upon skimmilk for feeding purposes when used as a supplement to corn in hog production has undoubtedly been one important factor in limiting the production of cheese. When milk is made into cheese the skimmilk is not available for feeding on the farm. Instead, whey, which is estimated to possess half the value of skimmilk, is available for the feeding operations. This and other factors require that the dairy plants must be able to pay a substantially higher price for milk fat for cheesemaking than for buttermaking if milk is to be available for the former. Expansion of cheese production in Iowa apparently depends upon some method of increasing the returns which can be obtained from cheese so that a relatively larger payment can be made to the milk producer

Infrared Candidates for the Intense Galactic X-ray Source GX 17+2

We present new astrometric solutions and infrared Hubble Space Telescope observations of GX 17+2 (X1813-140), one of the brightest X-ray sources on the celestial sphere. Despite 30 years of intensive study, and the existence of a strong radio counterpart with a sub-arcsecond position, the object remains optically unidentified. The observed X-ray characteristics strongly suggest that it is a so-called "Z-source," the rare but important category that includes Sco X-1 and Cyg X-2. Use of the USNO-A2.0 catalog enables us to measure the position of optical and infrared objects near the radio source to sub-arcsecond precision within the International Celestial Reference Frame, for direct comparison with the radio position, which we also recompute using modern calibrators. With high confidence we eliminate the V~17.5 star NP Ser, often listed as the probable optical counterpart of the X-ray source, as a candidate. Our HST NICMOS observations show two faint objects within our 0.5" radius 90% confidence error circle. Even the brighter of the two, Star A, is far fainter than expected (H~19.8), given multiple estimates of the extinction in this field and our previous understanding of Z sources, but it becomes the best candidate for the counterpart of GX 17+2. The probability of a chance coincidence of an unrelated faint object on the radio position is high. However, if the true counterpart is not Star A, it is fainter still, and our conclusion that the optical counterpart is surprisingly underluminous is but strengthened.Comment: 15 pages including 3 figures and 3 tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Tunnel junctions of unconventional superconductors

The phenomenology of Josephson tunnel junctions between unconventional superconductors is developed further. In contrast to s-wave superconductors, for d-wave superconductors the direction dependence of the tunnel matrix elements that describe the barrier is relevant. We find the full I-V characteristics and comment on the thermodynamical properties of these junctions. They depend sensitively on the relative orientation of the superconductors. The I-V characteristics differ from the normal s-wave RSJ-like behavior.Comment: 4 pages, revtex, 4 (encapsulated postscript) figures (figures replaced