Fold-change for geometric mean of CP Ag+ group compared to others, with (unadjusted) 95% confidence intervals (CI).

<p>Fold-change for geometric mean of CP Ag+ group compared to others, with (unadjusted) 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines.

<p>Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α from asymptomatic infected [INF] individuals; filarial lymphedema individuals with active infection [CP Ag+]; filarial lymphedema individuals without active infection [CP Ag−] and endemic normal [EN] individuals were measured by ELISA. Data are shown as scatter plots with the bar representing the geometric mean.</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated levels of acute phase proteins.

<p>Plasma levels of CRP, Haptoglobin, SAA and α-2 macroglobulin from asymptomatic infected [INF] individuals; filarial lymphedema individuals with active infection [CP Ag+]; filarial lymphedema individuals without active infection [CP Ag−] and endemic normal [EN] individuals were measured by ELISA. Data are shown as scatter plots with the bar representing the geometric mean.</p

Holm's adjusted p-values from Linear Models, No Age Effect, n = sample size.

<p>Holm's adjusted p-values from Linear Models, No Age Effect, n = sample size.</p

Characteristics of the study population.

*<p>CFA values are determined by the Og4C3 ELISA and 32 IU was the threshold of detection in the assay.</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated levels of LPS.

<p>Plasma levels of LPS, LBP, EndoCAb and sCD14 from asymptomatic infected [INF] individuals; filarial lymphedema individuals with active infection [CP Ag+]; filarial lymphedema individuals without active infection [CP Ag−] and endemic normal [EN] individuals were measured by ELISA and immunoassays. Data are shown as scatter plots with the bar representing the geometric mean.</p

Heatmap depicting circulating microbial products, acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in CP Ag+ individuals compared to EN, INF and CP Ag− individuals.

<p>Data (and scale) are log10 geometric mean fold change from EN for each of the analytes measured for each of the groups.</p

Correlation between circulating microbial products and inflammatory cytokines in filarial infected individuals.

<p>(A) Plasma levels of LPS were correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α from individuals with active infection [CP Ag+ and INF (<i>n</i> = 108–112)]. (B) Plasma levels of LBP were correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α from individuals with active infection [CP Ag+ and INF (<i>n</i> = 108–112)]. P and r values were calculated using the Spearman Rank correlation test. Data are shown as scatter plots with the circles representing INF and the triangles representing CP Ag+ individuals.</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with lack of Foxp3, GITR, TGFβ, and CTLA-4 upregulation.

<p>(A, B) PBMCs from filarial lymphedema [CP] (n = 12) and asymptomatic infected [INF] (n = 10) patients were stimulated with (A) BmA (10 µg/ml) or (B) PPD (10 µg/ml) for 24 hours, and Foxp3, GITR, TGFβ, and CTLA-4 mRNA were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Results are shown as fold change over media control. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.</p

Characteristics of the study population.

*<p>The lower limit of the assay detection was 32 U/ml.</p