Numerical modeling and estimation of renewable energy of tidal current in Khoore Musa

In this article, two three-dimensional hydrodynamic and numerical models, COHERENS and BOM are used to investigate the renewable tidal energy in Khoore Musa. Firstly, the effect of 6 tidal constituents on regional hydrodynamic is estimated in 10 sigma levels in vertical and 250 resolution. The results of both models are verified with field data recorded by Iranian National Institute for Oceanography. It is found that the outcomes of COHERENS are more reliable but calibration is required. Whereas the accuracy of calibrated hydrodynamic module of COHERENS is approved, the energy of tidal currents is calculated. In this study, the current energy module is developed and set as a supplementary module. Hourly averaging of current energy during one month indicated that the maximum value recorded was more than 0.65 MWh. The maximum depth-integrated energy of this area was about 5 MWh. The best and more advantageous area to extract energy is a strait in the Middle-Bar with density of more than 300

Study of temporal and spatial variations of physical parameters (temperature, salinity and density) trend of the Pozm Bay

Pozm bay Located in southern coast of Iran near Oman Sea, due to its relative calmness, low depth and being affected by the land substances is interesting to some aquatics species for reproduction and spending part of their growth period. In this research the seasonal variations of physical parameters trend of the Pozm pay was investigated during 9 periods since Oct 2011 till Aug 2012. The physical parameters of the sea water were measured by the CTD device in 17 stations from surface to seabed. These parameters are as follows: Temperature, Salinity, Density, Electrical conductivity, Sound velocity, Turbidity, and the Dissolved oxygen. According to the results of this research, the variations of the water temperature are following the air temperature and increase as the air temperature arises in hot seasons. Although due to the low depth of Pozm bay the formation of thermocline layer and water stratification are so low, weak stratification is formed in water column during hot months of the year. The entering flow of Oman Sea water into the Persian Gulf, which is less salty comparing to that of Persian Gulf, is maximized during late spring and minimized in winter and affects the salinity of Pozm bay water such that its rate is more during mild months than hot months. The variation of the density is influenced by water temperature and the salinity has no effect on them. The summer monsoon has a significant effect on the physical parameters of Pozm bay's water

Marine energy extraction of waves and tidal currents in Chabahar Bay

Development of modern energies is one of the most important issues that all countries have focused on and have tried to find a new model in that respect. This study investigates various methods of estimating energies that are produced by wave and then it concludes that the best method is spectrum analysis using Fourier analysis. Using available data of year 1998 in Chabahar and applying a program which is produced in MATLAB environment, rate of producible energy in year 1998 is equal to 6.9 Kwh/m² and producible power of waves has been estimated to be 3.9 Kw/m² with the lowest rate of energy observed in winter and the highest rate of wave energy in summer. Probable cause of this phenomenon could be seasonal winds that blow in summer. According to the flowmetry report done by Ports and Maritime Organization in Chabahar, in Aw1 Station has divided its 9-meter distance below water surface into 7 cells, therefore, with considering 1×1m channels and assuming that flow in each channel has been changed steadily, tide flow energy has been estimated and average energy of Chabahar station has been obtained equal to 0.12 w/m^2 within two weeks. In the second way, using program written in MATLAB environment and calculating the surface under the chart, tide energy has been calculated equal to 0.19w/ m^2. According to the obtained results, producible energy of tidal current in Chabahar Gulf is very low and it is not economical

Investigating the effect of vitamin D vaginal suppository on sexual function among postmenopausal women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Menopause is associated with changes in sexual function which are partly due to vaginal atrophy in response to estrogen reduction. Estrogen administration temporarily reduces the symptoms of vaginal dryness, but long-term exposure to this drug is likely to be associated with serious complications. Considering the promising results of previous studies concerning the effect of vitamin D on vaginal dryness, the proposed study will investigate the effect of vitamin D vaginal suppository on the sexual function of postmenopausal women. Methods: In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, 105 postmenopausal women will be randomly assigned to three groups receiving vitamin D vaginal suppository, placebo vaginal suppository, or control (no intervention). Vitamin D vaginal suppositories contain 1000 units of vitamin D3. The timing of the use of vitamin D vaginal suppositories and placebo suppositories will be every night in the first 2 weeks, and every other night in the following 6 weeks (8 weeks in total). The primary outcome will be the sexual function of participants which will be assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) before and immediately after the intervention, and at 1 and 2 months after the end of the intervention. The side effects of these suppositories will be examined as a secondary consequence of the study. Data will be analyzed using SPSS software version 25. In the case of normal distribution of data, the mean score of sexual function will be compared between the groups using a repeated measurements ANOVA. If statistical analysis leads to significant results, the post-hoc test will be used to determine the differences between the groups. Comparison of demographic and fertility characteristics of the women will be carried out using statistical tests such as chi-squares and t-tests. A significance level of p [less than] .05 will be used for statistical analyses. Discussion: If vitamin D vaginal suppositories improve sexual function among premenopausal women with long-term effects and minimum side effects, the suppositories will be considered a safe complementary and alternative choice for alleviating sexual dysfunction among this group

Numerical modeling of polloution distribution in the Nayban bay

In this study COHERENS which is a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was employed in order to model and survey dispersion of pollution in Nayband bay. In this model Navier-Stokes equation, continunity equation and transport equations of salinity and temperature in 3-D are solved. Cartesian coordinate for the horizontal and sigma coordinate with five layers was used for the vertical profile. Monthly mean atmospheric parameters and 4 major tidal components (M2, S2, O1, and K1) of the bay were used as the inputs of the model. In this model, uniform grid of 79*100 was used. Once the model was adjusted and the data inserted, the model was run for the bay. Then tidal currents were validated with field observation which resulted in prediction of horizontal dispersion of pollution in different layers. The results showed that dispersion is highly affected by tidal currents. These results can be applied to predict dispersion of pollution in Nayband bay

The study of layering structure of outlfow from the Persian Gulf to Gulf of Oman and it's impact on propagation of sound with acoustic sources about outflow intrusion at spring

In this study, variations of field data such as temperature, salinity and sound of speed in horizontal and across transects of the Gulf of Oman were analyzed using CTD data acquired by international project, Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) during the spring of 1996. Results indicate that at all sections, at depths between 120 m to 276m in Gulf of Oman to 60 °E, finestructures were found; this indicates mixing with surrounding waters by thermohaline intrusions. These thermohaline intrusions caused temperature and salinity inversion that causes inversion of sound speed profile. Thickness inversion at the stations near the Strait of Hormuz is about 156 m and at stations far from the Strait of Hormuz (near the Oman of Sea) is about 80m. By previous studies, this outflow intrusion causes the internal waves in the Gulf of Oman. These results suggest that formation of intrusion depends on the intermittent outflow through the Strait of Hormuz. In this survey, high salinity water and high temperature water masses spread into the Persian Gulf at an intermediate level, in the Gulf of Oman. In this research, the acoustic propagation characteristics (transmission loss, amplitude of signal and travel time of signal) up, below and into, of the outflow intrusion were assessed based on the output of a range-dependant acoustic model and range independent acoustic model. In general, the occurrence of this thermohaline intrusion was found to alter the propagation characteristics

Investigation on wave energy in Amirabad seaport of Caspian Sea using SWAN model results

In this study, SWAN numerical model used to modeling waves and obtain the significant wave height in range of Amirabad seaport of Caspian Sea. To do this, first, a general model to modeling the wave height in the entire Caspian Sea was built. Then the boundary conditions obtained from the general model, by using the NEST operation of SWAN model, modeling the local with higher magnification in the area Amirabad Seaport was used. The local models built in the Amirabad, was calibration and verification with waves profile data recorded by buoys deployed in that area. Comparison the results with data measured by the Amirabad buoy shows that modeling done in this area had a good accuracy. Then running the SWAN model for three years and Obtained significant wave height in the desired location. Finally the wave energy obtained from significant wave height

Study of tidal components amplitude distribution in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea using numerical simulation

Tide is one of the most regular changes of seas and ocean levels which are offering particular importance due to the influence on the flow pattern in tidal zone. According to engineering needs and environmental protection issues in industrial-economic zone of Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman, knowing tidal characteristics of this region is very important. Therefore FVCOM (a three-dimensional ocean model) was used in barotropic mode to stimulate the tidal amplitude in a wide region comprising Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. Finite volume method is applied in this model to discretize the hydrodynamic equations on triangular mesh. Uniform computational mesh is used with a resolution of 5 km in the model and one minute bathymetry data has been interpolated on this mesh. The constant values of eight diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components are prescribed along the open ocean boundary. After applying harmonic analysis on the model outputs in desired stations, the achieved amplitude of this analysis compared with results which are obtained from the analysis on the available measurement data in these stations to validate the model results. According to the measurement data and model results in these stations, meanwhile identifying the four main tidal components, the amplitude pattern of these components was determined in the whole domain. Also, by using amplitude of main components and estimating of F factor, the type of tide was predicted in the study area. According to the results obtained in this research, four types of diurnal, semidiurnal, mixed diurnal and mixed semidiurnal tides are seen in the Persian Gulf. In other areas, the tide will be mixed semidiurnal. Moreover, studying the maximum amounts of tidal velocity in the study area shows that the amount of this velocity in the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea is less than 0.1 m/s

The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in reducing anxiety among female university students with primary dysmenorrhea

Background: Unpleasant experiences of dysmenorrhea can lead to increased anxiety. The anxiety associated with dysmenorrhea is a pain-related anxiety which might reduce the efficacy of medication as well as enhance the perception of pain. The present study evaluated the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing anxiety among female university students with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 88 female university students were recruited from April 2019 to February 2020. Eligible participants were selected by convenience sampling and were allocated into study groups (44 individuals in the intervention group and comparison group) using balanced block randomization. The final sample comprised 78 participants who completed the study (39 individuals in each group). Data were collected using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, and Validity of Cognition Scale before the intervention and at the time of the first menstrual period after completion of the intervention. The intervention group received EMDR in two individual interventional sessions which lasted approximately one hour. Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance with control of covariance method at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results of the study showed that EMDR did not have a statistically significant effect on State-Trait Anxiety of patients with dysmenorrhea (p > 0.05). Based on the Cohen’s d effect size of 0.06 for state-anxiety, -0.01 for trait-anxiety, and partial eta square less than 0.059 for both uncorrected and corrected models, the intervention was within a trivial effect. Conclusion: EMDR intervention did not have a statistically and clinically significant effect on State-Trait Anxiety of patients with dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the efficacy of EMDR in treating dysmenorrhea-related anxiety remains inconclusive

Classification of coastal-marine habitats in Gwatr Bay using ecological standard classification (CMECS)

This research was conducted during 2007-2008 with the main aim of classifying marine coastal habitats in Gwatr Bay located in Iran-Pakistan border, south east of Sistan-Blaluchetan Province. We used Coastal-Marine Ecological Standard Classification (CMECS) with three data layers covering water column, benthic cover classifier and geomorphology. Layers and habitats information were analyzed in a GIS environment and the indicator species were determined. WCC classification was done based on temperature, salinity and clarity classifiers for Ichthyoplankton communities. The result showed that two main seasonal habitats including spring habitat (spring, summer and winter) and fall habitat, affected by the monsoon season is present in the area. Also we considered particle size and total organic matter in sediment as classifiers for benthic habitats which indicated two different habitats based on distances from shore. Habitats were divided into unmixed macro-benthos community (polychaete) and mixed macro-benthos community including: Polychaete, Amphipoda and Gastropoda. The habitats were shown on digital GIS maps with their specific codes