Forward and small-x physics at CMS

A review of experimental measurements from the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at the LHC Run 1 is presented. A particular focus is given to jet results in the central and forward regions, and to measurements sensitive to the behaviour of small-x gluons inside the proton and to double parton scattering

Voltage and current waveforms for a 1 μs pulse of 1800 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.

<p>Voltage and current waveforms for a 1 μs pulse of 1800 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.</p

Voltage and current waveforms for a 400 ns pulse of approximately 2500 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.

<p>Voltage and current waveforms for a 400 ns pulse of approximately 2500 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.</p

PDGF-aa for non-activated PRP (PRP N/A), PRP treated with Ca²⁺ alone (Ca), PRP activated with bovine thrombin (BT), and pulsed electric fields (PEFs) of 400 ns and 600 ns duration.

<p>Reported data comes from the average of three measurements with the error bars representing standard deviation.</p

EGF for PRP (not activated), PRP treated with Ca²⁺ alone (Ca), PRP activated with bovine thrombin (BT), and pulsed electric fields (PEFs) of 400 ns and 600 ns duration.

<p>Reported data comes from the average of three measurements with the error bars representing standard deviation.</p

Equivalent resistance and capacitance of three PBS samples representing different levels of cuvette overfilling.

<p>Equivalent resistance and capacitance of three PBS samples representing different levels of cuvette overfilling.</p

Solid state pulse sharpening–yellow trace, vs. voltage pulse without pulse sharpening–blue trace.

<p>The pink trace is the current waveform for a sharpened pulse (whole blood in a 2 mm cuvette was used as a load). The pulse duration of the sharpened pulse is 500 ns with a peak voltage of 3.58 kV and peak current of 358 A.</p

Voltage and current waveforms for a 5 μs pulse of about 1800 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.

<p>Voltage and current waveforms for a 5 μs pulse of about 1800 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.</p

Voltage waveforms for a 20 μs pulse of about 1800 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.

<p>Voltage waveforms for a 20 μs pulse of about 1800 V applied to a 2 mm cuvette containing PBS.</p

Example of pulse shaping with the GE pulse generator showing a composite pulse with 5.5 kV and 1 kV peak voltages, 330 ns and 700 ns pulse durations, and a peak current absorption of approximately 110 A across a resistor.

<p>Example of pulse shaping with the GE pulse generator showing a composite pulse with 5.5 kV and 1 kV peak voltages, 330 ns and 700 ns pulse durations, and a peak current absorption of approximately 110 A across a resistor.</p