191 research outputs found
Protein-lipid Interactions: Influence of Anchoring Groups and Buried Arginine on the Properties of Membrane-spanning Peptides
Designed transmembrane peptides were employed for investigations of protein-lipid interactions by means of oriented solid-state deuterium NMR spectroscopy using isotope-enriched alanine residues. Using the model GWALP23 sequence (GGALW(LA)6LWLAGA) as a host peptide having single interfacial tryptophan anchor residues, the effects of different guest mutations were explored. Replacements of glycine residues 2 and 22 to positively charged lysine or arginine on both termini had little influence on the peptide average orientation. Conversely, glycine to tryptophan substitutions had profound effects, manifested in the increased dynamics and altered tilt direction of the peptide. While the charged residues at the peptide termini did not cause significant changes relative to the GWALP23 sequence, leucine to arginine mutations close to the peptide center led to dramatic consequences. Thus GWALP23-R14 retained a transmembrane topology, with the orientation and dynamics largely governed by the arginine residue, while GWALP23-R12 adopted multistate behavior in DOPC, with both transmembrane and interfacial states being populated. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, performed by collaborators, yielded substantial agreement concerning the interactions among arginine, tryptophan and lipid bilayers. Further insights into the multistate behavior of GWALP23-R12 were acquired by altering the host sequence to the isomeric GW3,21ALP23, which offers a longer separation between the tryptophan anchor residues. Both the L12R and L14R mutants of this modified sequence retained transmembrane topology, suggesting that the unique arrangement of tryptophan and arginine residues in GWALP23-R12 is responsible for its multistate character. In addition to serving as a host sequence, GWALP23 itself was modified for an investigation of hydrophobic matching, by shifting the tryptophan residues outward toward the termini (GW3,21ALP23) or inward toward the center (GW7,17ALP23), leading to peptide isomers with identical amino acid composition, but different effective hydrophobic (inter-Trp) lengths. In addition to altered tilt angles, tryptophan side chain reorientation was investigated and was found to provide additional response to hydrophobic mismatch conditions. In selected cases the 2H NMR data were analyzed in conjunction with restraints from separated local-field 15N solid-state NMR spectra. The combined analysis of the 2H and 15N NMR data provided multiple constraints and proved advantageous for explicit modeling of the peptide dynamics
Improvement of the organizational support of public water management in Ukraine at the national level
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Β«Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ: ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ². ΠΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΎcΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Β«Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ» ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π·ΠΌΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊ Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, Π° Π½Π΅ Π· Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.The article revealed the theoretical and methodological provision of public water management system by formulating the generalized system model and mechanism of state water management. Due to the classical definition of governance and existing approaches to environmental management the interpretation of the term Β«public water managementΒ» is proposed. Using a systematic approach summarizes the system of public water management and considered its main components: control subsystem, controlled subsystem, feedback, control action. Based on the experience of foreign countries the scheme of reorganization of water management in Ukraine at the national level and composition of the National Water Council are proposed. Based on Β«water resourcesΒ» approach, when the content of tasks resulting from the treatment of water as a natural resource, ensuring them a whole sectors of the economy and the population, not with water as a commodity with direct its use scheme of devolution and improve the organizational structure of public administration in the water sector.Β The effectiveness of the functioning of the public administration mechanism by any social and production processes depends to a large extent on its organizational support. Public administration of water resources in Ukraine in the Soviet era was built on the principles of authoritarian and command management with the adoption and implementation of decisions under the rigid "top-down" scheme and the construction of appropriate organizational management schemes within the administrative division of the country's territory in the regions and districts. The domestic system of state management of water resources still has the remnants of the administrative-command control system, organizational incompleteness, inter-sectoral orientation, and the dispersion of functions among many state authorities.With the introduction in Ukraine of the principles of integrated management and management of river basins, which are the main ones in the EU Water Framework Directive and which are based on the laws and regulations of Ukraine on water development, in particular the Water Code of Ukraine, laws and government resolutions, the search for ways to improve the organizational mechanisms of state water resources management according to European requirements is becoming relevant
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°: ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°
The paper provides the results of the 1990β2010 experimental and clinical studies on the optimization of the efficiency of electrical ventricular defibrillation using the Russian bipolar quasi-sinusoidal impulse. The comprehensive study of the influence of major cardiac and extracardiac factors, such as heart failure, the type and duration of fibrillation, its amplitude and frequency characteristics, chest resistance, electrode sizes, administration of antiarrhythmic drugs, and phase 2 impulse amplitude on the efficiency and safety of defibrillation, could formulate a number of new propositions and solve some methodological and methodic issues. The dose-dependent effectiveness of the quasi-sinusoidal impulse has been first investigated in patients with induced, spontaneous primary and secondary fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Low-energy (Key words: defibrillation, bipolar quasi-sinusoidal impulse.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ (1990β2010 Π³.), ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π° 2-ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°) Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈ
ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅
The past decade is marked by very high cardiovascular mortality rates in Russia. Sudden death caused by ventricular fibrillation and asystole is one of the leading reasons for the high mortality. Sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurs in as high as 70β80% of the cases. The key factor that determines the success of resuscitation and survival in patients with cardiac arrest due to fibrillation is early defibrillation (within the first 5 minutes). Small-sized automated external defibrilla-tors that can be used not only by medical workers, but also paramedics and educated population should be introduced into prehospital resuscitative care to solve this problem in this country.ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 70β80% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ (Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
5 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ) Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Explosions of water clusters in intense laser fields
Energetic, highly-charged oxygen ions, (), are copiously
produced upon laser field-induced disassembly of highly-charged water clusters,
and , 60, that are formed by seeding high-pressure
helium or argon with water vapor. clusters (n40000) formed under
similar experimental conditions are found undergo disassembly in the Coulomb
explosion regime, with the energies of ions showing a
dependence. Water clusters, which are argued to be considerably smaller in
size, should also disassemble in the same regime, but the energies of fragment
O ions are found to depend linearly on which, according to
prevailing wisdom, ought to be a signature of hydrodynamic expansion that is
expected of much larger clusters. The implication of these observations on our
understanding of the two cluster explosion regimes, Coulomb explosion and
hydrodynamic expansion, is discussed. Our results indicate that charge state
dependences of ion energy do not constitute an unambiguous experimental
signature of cluster explosion regime.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°
The year 2012 is the anniversary year of the Russian history of cardiac defibrillation. Two anniversaries associated with the name of N. L. Gurvich, the founder of impulse defibrillation by high-voltage capacitor discharge, are being celebrated this year.2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ β ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π. Π. ΠΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°
Application of microwave photonics in fiber optical sensors
Microwave photonics is a new scientific and technical area of research, which was formed as a result of intensive development of such fields as fiber, integrated and nonlinear optics, laser physics, optoelectronics and microelectronics. A positive trend in the field of microwave photonic devices development has appeared in recent decades. The trend is related to the fact that these devices can operate in ultra-high and super-high frequencies and microwave ranges, and have parameters, which are unattainable by conventional electronic devices. Technical characteristics of microwave
photonic measuring systems are comparable with those of traditional fiber-optic sensors. This technology can be used both for creation of new measuring devices and improvement of existing other types of measuring systems. This paper presents an analytical review of microwave photonics application technologies in fiber-optic measuring instruments. The general design concept for microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices is considered in the first part of the review paper. Microwave photonic filters are presented, which are the key elements of microwave photonic fiber-optic
measuring devices. Their design technologies are described with indication of the features, advantages and disadvantages. Methods for creation of microwave photonic finite impulse response filters with positive and negative coefficients are considered. The following sections are devoted directly to the analysis of microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices and contain classification of such devices according to their principle of operation. The classification of spectral and interferometric microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices with indication of their distinctive features is proposed. Experimental data of the most common sensors is presented and analyzed; the main characteristics and areas of their practical application are presented for each of them. New approaches and methods are considered for creation
of microwave photonic measuring systems and improvement of tactical and technical characteristics of existing devices. Comparison between microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices and traditional fiber-optic measuring systems is performed. According to comparison results, conclusions can be drawn about applicability of microwave photonic fiber-optic measuring devices and advantages of their use compared to other fiber-optic sensors.Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½-ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ-ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡ Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ β ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
-Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ-ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅-ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈ-ΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ-
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
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