POSEBNE DOKAZNE RADNJE U BALTIČKIM ZEMLJAMA

The authors in this paper deal with special investigative actions in Baltic countries. Special investigative measures today represent one of the most important measures in the fight against serious criminal offences, but its improper use endangers fundamental human rights, especially the right to privacy and the right to a fair trial. The article is divided into three main parts. After the introductory remarks, the authors elaborate the Lithuanian criminal procedure legislation, which influenced development of the European Court of Human Rights’s jurisprudence in the field of the undercover investigator. Latvian solutions are explained in the next part and its main characteristic are numerous special investigative measures. Finally, the authors explain Estonian legislation. The authors specifically consider and analyse the positions of the European Court of Human Rights through judgments rendered in this field. A wide range of special investigative actions indicates their diversity, but mostly the solutions of all three legal frameworks are in line with the standards of the European Court of Human Rights.U radu autori se bave posebnim dokaznim radnjama u baltičkim zemljama. Posebne dokazne radnje danas predstavljaju jednu od nezaobilaznih dokaznih mera u istragama teških krivičnih dela. Istovremeno, posebne dokazne radnje znatno više zadiru u ljudska prava u poređenju sa drugim, redovnim dokaznim radnjama. Njihova nepravilna upotreba ugrožava ljudska prava, a naročito pravo na privatnost i pravo na pravično suđenje. Rad je podeljen na tri dela. Nakon uvodnih razmatranja autori objašnjavaju litvansko zakonodavstvo, koje je u značajnoj meri uticalo na razvoj judikature Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u području prikrivenog islednika. Letonsko zakonodavstvo je obrađeno u drugom delu, a karakteriše ga veći broj posebnih dokaznih radnji. Na kraju, autori razrađuju zakonodavstvo Estonije u pogledu posebnih dokaznih radnji i daju zaključna razmatranja. Autori naročito ističu stavove Evropskog suda za ljudska prava koji su na ovom polju doneti protiv baltičkih zemalja. Širok dijapazon posebnih dokaznih radnji ukazuje na njihovu različitost, ali se može izvesti zaključak da su zakonski tekstovi pretežno u skladu sa standardima Evropskog suda za ljudska prava

Numerical simulation of energy consumption optimization in residential buildings in Belgrade

This paper presents heat consumption optimization and possibility to increase energy efficiency of Belgrade residential buildings. Residential buildings were selected according to the year of construction and type of building (multi apartment buildings and single family houses). Numerical simulation was applied to investigate heat consumption of buildings' zero model which represents buildings' current state. Numerical simulations were performed for typical meteorological year conditions for Belgrade city area. In this calculation, building surroundings, outside heat transfer coefficient (which depends on local weather conditions) and inside heat transfer coefficient (according to the type of walls) were taken in account. The validation of zero model is based on measured and calculated inside air temperature in considered objects. The influence of improved building envelope on heat consumption, compared to building zero model, was investigated by adding insulation and/or by replacement existing windows with those with better thermal characteristics. The energy consumption was numerically simulated over whole heating season. The energy efficiency increase calculations showed possibility for saving heating energy from 10% to 80%. This conclusion was obtained by comparing four different scenarios of improved building envelope with basic zero model for four modeling objects (two multi apartment buildings and two single family houses). Results indicate that focus of energy savings should be on how to decrease energy consumption in households sector. Additionally, solar energy use for two different objects (PV cells were applied for multi apartment building and solar thermal collectors for single family house) was numerically simulated

Temperature correction factor simulation over the heating period

New Regulations on energy efficiency in buildings in the Republic of Serbia legislate values for the temperature correction factor used to calculate the heat flux to the outdoor environment through construction elements of a certain type. The temperature correction factor is used to correct errors caused by calculation of heat losses based on the design outdoor and indoor temperature difference of building elements adjacent to unheated spaces which are in direct contact with the ground or external environment. Since the temperature correction factor directly influences the calculation of total heat losses and total annual energy demand, it is recommended that the temperature correction factor be determined on the basis of measured values of outdoor and indoor air temperature, or, on the basis of the values obtained by the simulation. This paper presents the results of measurements in the High School of Design, Textile and Management in Belgrade in order to assess energy efficiency and the energy performance of buildings. Data obtained on the basis of measurements, such as indoor and outdoor temperatures, are used for the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the building envelope elements as well as to calculate a temperature correction factor for the unheated attic space of the building. This paper also offers a dynamic simulation of the multi-zones building in the TRNSYS environment. The aim was to compare temperature correction factor values obtained from measured temperature values, with those calculated from standard, taken from the Regulation table and produced by simulation