17 research outputs found
Immunolocalization of dually phosphorylated MAPKs in dividing root meristem cells of Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Lupinus luteus and Lycopersicon esculentum
Key message In plants, phosphorylated MAPKs display
constitutive nuclear localization; however, not all
studied plant species show co-localization of activated
MAPKs to mitotic microtubules.
Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
signaling pathway is involved not only in the cellular
response to biotic and abiotic stress but also in the regulation
of cell cycle and plant development. The role of
MAPKs in the formation of a mitotic spindle has been
widely studied and the MAPK signaling pathway was
found to be indispensable for the unperturbed course of cell
division. Here we show cellular localization of activated
MAPKs (dually phosphorylated at their TXY motifs) in
both interphase and mitotic root meristem cells of Lupinus
luteus, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba (Fabaceae) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae). Nuclear localization
of activated MAPKs has been found in all species. Colocalization
of these kinases to mitotic microtubules was
most evident in L. esculentum, while only about 50 % of
mitotic cells in the root meristems of P. sativum and V.
faba displayed activated MAPKs localized to microtubules
during mitosis. Unexpectedly, no evident immunofluorescence
signals at spindle microtubules and phragmoplast
were noted in L. luteus. Considering immunocytochemical
analyses and studies on the impact of FR180204 (an
inhibitor of animal ERK1/2) on mitotic cells, we hypothesize
that MAPKs may not play prominent role in the
regulation of microtubule dynamics in all plant species
Transient Expression in Arabidopsis Leaf Mesophyll Protoplast System for Cell-Based Functional Analysis of MAPK Cascades Signaling
Intraoperative transfusion practices in Europe
BACKGROUND:
Transfusion of allogeneic blood influences outcome after surgery. Despite widespread availability of transfusion guidelines, transfusion practices might vary among physicians, departments, hospitals and countries. Our aim was to determine the amount of packed red blood cells (pRBC) and blood products transfused intraoperatively, and to describe factors determining transfusion throughout Europe.
METHODS:
We did a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 5803 patients in 126 European centres that received at least one pRBC unit intraoperatively, during a continuous three month period in 2013.
RESULTS:
The overall intraoperative transfusion rate was 1.8%; 59% of transfusions were at least partially initiated as a result of a physiological transfusion trigger- mostly because of hypotension (55.4%) and/or tachycardia (30.7%). Haemoglobin (Hb)- based transfusion trigger alone initiated only 8.5% of transfusions. The Hb concentration [mean (sd)] just before transfusion was 8.1 (1.7) g dl(-1) and increased to 9.8 (1.8) g dl(-1) after transfusion. The mean number of intraoperatively transfused pRBC units was 2.5 (2.7) units (median 2).
CONCLUSION:
Although European Society of Anaesthesiology transfusion guidelines are moderately implemented in Europe with respect to Hb threshold for transfusion (7-9 g dl(-1)), there is still an urgent need for further educational efforts that focus on the number of pRBC units to be transfused at this threshold.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT 01604083