177 research outputs found
Photon assisted Levy flights of minority carriers in n-InP
We study the photoluminescence spectra of n-doped InP bulk wafers, both in
the reflection and the transmission geometries relative to the excitation beam.
From the observed spectra we estimate the spatial distribution of minority
carriers allowing for the spectral filtering due to re-absorption of
luminescence in the wafer. This distribution unambiguously demonstrates a
non-exponential drop-off with distance from the excitation region. Such a
behavior evidences an anomalous photon-assisted transport of minority carriers
enhanced owing to the high quantum efficiency of emission. It is shown that the
transport conforms very well to the so-called Levy-flights process
corresponding to a peculiar random walk that does not reduce to diffusion. The
index gamma of the Levy flights distribution is found to be in the range gamma
= 0.64 to 0.79, depending on the doping. Thus, we propose the high-efficiency
direct-gap semiconductors as a remarkable laboratory system for studying the
anomalous transport.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure
Non-invasive detection of intracranial pressure in clinical practice (review of literature)
The aim of the research was to summarize the results of the researches of preoperative diagnostics of intracranial hypertension using data of modern publications and also to determine possible algorithm of diagnostic measures before planning neurosurgical approach at the treatment of intracranial injuries. We analyzed Russian and foreign literary sources for 30 years using key words and search system PubMed. The analysis shows that the search of methods of non-invasive control of intracranial pressure is still actual because of the risk of severe complications of using invasive methods. The most accurate and clinically valuable method of evaluation and prediction of intracranial hypertension in patients with severe craniocerebral injury amongst all considered non-invasive methods (evaluation of tympanic membrane displacement, cochlear microphonia, evaluation of blood pressure in retinal veins, transcranial Doppler imaging, evaluation of optic nerve diameter etc.) is an evaluation of optic nerve diameter using data of ultrasonography, CT imaging and magnetic resonance tomography. Given the fact of operator-dependence of ultrasonography and known limitation for using magnetic resonance tomography in patients with severe craniocerebral injury, CT-data of the optic nerve diameter more than 5,8 mm available from plain preoperative examination can be considered as a reliable prognostic index of development of intracranial hypertension while planning p operative approach
The Central Yam Department of the Moscow State: The Problem of Formation (15thβ16th Centuries)
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 21.06.2017. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ 18.04.2018.Submitted on 21 June, 2017. Accepted on 18 April, 2018.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π² XVβXVI Π²Π². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π―ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π. Π . ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π²Π°. ΠΒ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π° III Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ XV Π². Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°Π·Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π·Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π·Π½Ρ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ². Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ±Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΈ ΠΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ. Π‘Β ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ XVI Π². Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ 1550 Π³. Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π―ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ.This article considers the issue of the central body and officials running regular communication in the Moscow state between the 15th and 16th centuries. The author demonstrates that there was a close connection between the changes that took place in the Yam organisation, and the need for political centralisation. The author corrects the traditional scheme of the establishment of the Yam Prikaz and the concept of D. V. Liseytsev. During the reign of Ivan III, the needs of rule contributed to the isolation of the Yam service. By the end of the 15th century, inside the Grand Chancellery (Treasury), there emerged a Yam department maintained by Yam clerks. In addition to their key duties in establishing regular communication, these officials drew up serf acts and provided diplomatic missions with victuals. Together with Yam clerks of the Treasury, there were other officials referred to as Yam officials in different sources. This category of clerks was part of the Palace staff. They drew up and certified credentials for serfs, and were involved in the material supply of embassies. However, they were not part of the organised communication system. Without undergoing any structural changes, the Yam Messenger system existed until the era of the Select Council (Rus. Izbrannaia rada). However, the interests of management called for higher quality and reliable communication. From the mid-16th century, the Yam system started being reformed. This led to the establishment of a new centralised institution that managed regular communications. Not later than 1550, the Yam Prikaz based on Yam clerks of the Treasury emerged. However, its powers and possibilities were limited and did not extend to the whole country
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ
Introduction. Measuring harmonic distortions of a baseband pulse signal constitutes a problem due to the continuous nature of their spectrum. In order to obtain nonlinear distortions of a signal, a comparison should be conducted either of the objectβs responses to two different test signals or those of the real object and its linearized model. However, such an approach does not distinguish between various physical factors that cause nonlinear distortions. This, as a result, complicates the optimization of devices.Aim. To develop an approach capable of determining the contribution of various sources to the nonlinear distortion of baseband pulse signals.Materials and methods. The method under consideration involves a synthesis of a nonlinear behavioral model for an object and a comparison of the modelβs output signals when linearizing some (or all) of the characteristic functions in this model. This allows distinguishing the contribution of inertialess, capacitive nonlinearity and nonlinearity associated with signal recirculation in feedbacks. An example of a three-stage baseband pulse amplifier (with step functions as test signals) is provided, for which a behavioral model was synthesized in the form of a second-order nonlinear recursive filter.Results. The aggregate signal of nonlinear distortions obtained using the presented method was found to be similar to that obtained by subtracting the responses to two different test signals. Further, the distortions caused by static amplitude nonlinearity, capacitive reactivity nonlinearity and energy recirculation between different reactive storages were distinguished. The nonlinearity of the amplitude characteristic exhibits its effect at the end of the transient process, the nonlinearity with the capacitive nature β at the beginning of the transient process, and the nonlinearity of energy recirculation β in the middle part of the transient process. It is shown that even parts of the nonlinear distortions at step impact, caused by individual physical nonlinearity factors, exceed the harmonic distortions of a RF-pulse signal.Conclusion. The considered method is particularly useful when designing wideband devices with feedbacks, since the nonlinearity of energy recirculation takes effect long after the visual end of the transient process.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ².Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
(ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
) Π΅Π΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡ
. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Ρ β ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ), Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π» Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ². Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° β Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ β Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
Tobolsk Voivode P. I. Godunovβs Profit-Seeking Activity in Yamskaya Gonβba in Siberia in the 17th Century
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ: 22.09.2022. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: 29.12.2022.Submitted: 22.09.2022. Accepted: 29.12.2022.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β«ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Β» XVII Π².) Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ±Ρ. Π Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π°. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅). ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ (ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π’ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Β«ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΒ» (ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π‘Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ° Β«Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΒ», ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° Β«ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β» ΠΈΠ· Π’ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ±Π΅ Β«Π·Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΌΒ». Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ β Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ.This article analyses the reforms of Tobolsk voivode P. I. Godunov (one of the most famous βprofit-seekersβ of the seventeenth century) in the yam messenger system (Rus. yamskaya gonβba). To a considerable extent, it is based on unpublished sources from Moscow and St Petersburg archives. Mostly, they are documents of management and record keeping of central and local administrations (letters to voivodes, military governorsβ formal replies, etc.), accounting documentation (clerksβ descriptions, etc.), and private documents (petitions). Many of them have never been published previously. The author uses comparative, anthropological, and genetic methods; also, the article examines both unfulfilled reforms (a plan for the distribution of organised communication to Tobolsk) and those implemented by Godunov (a reduction of government parcels sent to Moscow, transfer of residents of the Samarovo yam βto arable landβ, assistance in reducing the monetary salaries of Tura, Tyumen, Demyansk, and Samarovo yamshchiks enforcing state supervision over the yam lands). It is demonstrated that the reforms were devoid of innovation. Godunov adhered to the state course and followed the previous administrators, however, acting more dynamically. Generally, during his voivodship, the situation of Siberian yamshchiks worsened. However, by contrast with reforms in other areas of local life, Godunovβs yam reorganisations appeared sustainable. They were kept by Moscow and partially revised only 15 years later after the profit-seekerβs departure from Tobolsk. Referring to Godunovβs activities and their fate, the author shows the stateβs contradictory attitude to yamskaya gonβba βfor the Stoneβ. On the one hand, Moscow sought to reduce the costs of the communication system, and, on the other hand, it sometimes gave way to the yamshchiks because it needed reliable communication with Siberia
Direct observation of Levy flight of holes in bulk n-InP
We study the photoluminescence spectra excited at an edge side of n-InP slabs
and observed from the broadside. In a moderately doped sample the intensity
drops off as a power-law function of the distance from the excitation - up to
several millimeters - with no change in the spectral shape.The hole
distribution is described by a stationary Levy-flight process over more than
two orders of magnitude in both the distance and hole concentration. For
heavily-doped samples, the power law is truncated by free-carrier absorption.
Our experiments are near-perfectly described by the Biberman-Holstein transport
equation with parameters found from independent optical experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF IRKUTSK FROM EXTERNAL REASONS AND SOME DISEASES RELATED ETHYL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
To our mind, the population alcoholization is the one of the major medical-social problems in Irkutsk region. According to official statistics it is established that in recent years the average index of incidence with diagnosis of an alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis established for the first time as a whole was higher in Irkutsk region, than in the Russian Federation and Siberian Federal district -1,7 and 1,5 times respectively. Sociological polls of the population of Irkutsk showed that 10 % of adult population and less than 20 % of youth do not take alcoholic drinks only. Abuse of alcohol makes a particular contribution to increase in number of lethal cases from diseases of system of blood circulation and the external reasons (mechanical trauma, suicides). It is not possible to estimate these indexes according to statistical data. The purpose of the real research was studying of a share of deadly outcomes among the population of Irkutsk, associated with ethyl alcohol. The profound personified analysis of mortality of the population of Irkutsk from the external reasons and some diseases (according to the international classification of diseases of the 10th revision) was carried out according to archive of Irkutsk regional bureau of a forensic medical expertise during 2000-2012, in cases when ethyl alcohol was found in cadaver blood. It was established, that the share of acute poisonings with ethyl alcohol makes about 4 % in structure of common mortality of the population of Irkutsk. The share of persons of young age of the dead as a result of an acute alcoholic poisoning makes nearly 20 % in recentyears. The high level of suicide activity of the population of the city interfaced to alcohol intake was revealed. More than 50 % were in an alcohol intoxication of various degree, among the persons prematurely left life. The share of the lethal mechanical traumas, associated with alcohol intoxication, made about a half from all cases of a mechanical trauma. During the 13-year period the decrease of the share of death resulted from cardiovascular diseases, associated with ethyl alcohol, was observed (with 30 to 16 %). Thus among the persons of young age having diseases of cardiovascular system, more than 50 % were at the time of death approach in an alcohol intoxication. The conducted research shows that the actual"hidden" losses of the population interfaced to alcohol intake, are much higher. The alcoholization of the population influences not only formation of losses from acute alcoholic poisonings, but also from the external reasons and diseases against which there was an abuse of ethyl alcohol
The efficiency of regional higher education systems and competition in Russia
This paper explores the correlation between the degree of competition between higher education institutions (HEIs) and the efficiency of regional higher education systems using evidence from the Russian Federation. The choice of the regional system of higher education as a unit of analysis is explained by the features of the Russian system of higher education, especially by "closeness" in the borders of regions. We propose a special approach for the evaluation of the regional higher education system efficiency from the public administration perspective. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), we investigate the efficiency of higher education systems in the regions and compare the results with the extent of higher education competition within them. The results indicate that higher efficiency scores and higher competition between HEIs in Russian regions are positively correlated. Moreover, by introducing socio-economic context status as a grouping parameter, we are able to specify the conditions of this relationship. The study explores that correlation between efficiency and competition is stronger in developing and low-performing regions. At the same time, higher education systems in developed regions consist of different HEIs, which create a competitive environment, although their efficiency level varies considerably. Taking into account all limitations of the study, these results contain several important issues for policy-making and higher education research discussions. They challenge the universalistic assumptions for the direction of higher education development.Support from the Basic Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics is gratefully acknowledged
Ischemic heart disease: medical certificate of cause of death analysis
Aim. According to data from the Moscow Oblast civil registry office in 2020, to analyze medical certificates of cause of death (MCCD), where the code from βIschemic heart diseaseβ (IHD) (I20-I25) group is indicated as underlying cause of death (UCD).MaterialΒ andΒ methods. A total of 23193 deaths with I20-I25 codes (UCDs) were included. We assessed the prevalence of individual IHD types, the frequency and patterns of complications, the average age of deceased persons, the proportion of women and men, place of death registration.Results. The average age of the deceased was 73,6Β±12,5 (men, 68,8Β±10,5; women, 78,4Β±12,5; p<0,0001). The proportion of women who died under the age of 70 was <20%, men β >50%. Half of the deaths were registered at home, a third in a hospital, and the rest elsewhere. Taking into account age and sex, inhospital death from myocardial infarction (MI) is recorded 12 times more often than in βother forms of acute IHDβ. Chronic forms of IHD were registered in 76,9% of cases; in 47,3%, such IHD form as βAtherosclerotic heart diseaseβ was noted. The proportion of deaths from acute MI and deaths after MI was 37,3%. In 92,1% of MCCDs of βother forms of acute IHDβ, βacute coronary insufficiencyβ is indicated. Differences in the prevalence of various IHD forms between men and women were significant (p<0,0001). In female mortality pattern, there are 3 times less deaths from other (non-MI) acute forms of IHD and almost 2 times less deaths from old myocardial infarction and cardiac aneurysm. As the immediate cause of death, heart failure was indicated in 78,9%, while among those with prior MI β in 91%. In other acute forms of IHD, acute coronary insufficiency was indicated in 89%.Conclusion.Β A high proportion of deaths with unspecified acute and chronic forms of IHD as the cause of death, especially in young men, requires a comprehensive study and development by the Russian Society of Cardiology of criteria for death from various IHD forms
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