Contemporary issues in ensuring biological safety during disposal of biological wastes of animal origin by incineration in the Russian Federation

Animal management and breeding as well production, transportation, preparation, and processing of animal products and raw material result in generation of a considerable amount of biological wastes being a source of biological contamination of the environment and a clear threat to human and animal health. The animal biowaste incineration units are high threat facilities and require constant surveillance and control. Collection and analysis of data provided by the RF veterinary executive authorities were performed to objectively reflect the actual situation of the biological waste incineration facilities in the RF Subjects and to create a holistic view on the problem of interest in the country. The following parameters were analyzed: their number, type (stationary and mobile), type of ownership, location, availability of the certificate and highly-qualified specialists serving the biological waste incineration equipment as well as the availability of such facilities in the RF Subjects as for January 1, 2021. The analysis demonstrated that 4,459 biowaste incinerators were registered in the country. Most of these units are stationary and they belong to establishments involved in farm animal keeping, animal product processing, production and storing. Such equipment is mostly serviced by non-qualified staff ignorant of the technical characteristics and operating principles of this equipment. Almost one third of these units in the country are home made that is why their use does not guarantee complete destruction of biological wastes and pathogen inactivation. It was also revealed that the procedure for the incineration of biological waste of animal origin using home made incinerators is not legally fixed in the country. The results obtained show that the situation of the animal biowaste incineration in the Russian Federation is quite complicated

РЕСУРСО- И ЭКОЛОГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ВТОРИЧНЫХ АЛЮМИНИЕВЫХ СПЛАВОВ

The main directions of resource-saving and environment-saving technologies of fabrication of secondary aluminum alloys in modern industrial conditions are considered. The types of feedstocks and applied smelting aggregates are analyzed, and promising ways of the further improvement of this production process are shown. It is revealed that the traditional method of processing secondary aluminum feedstock, which is widely used in practice, is the thermal treatment in the medium of molten chloride salts. Salt-free technologies of processing aluminum dross, which are based on separation of metal and oxides by mechanical effect on them in conditions of high temperatures in the medium of the furnace atmosphere or collector metal, are proposed. Their advantages compared with a widespread salt technology are considered: materials applied to treat the melt are substantially lower-cost than alkali metal chlorides; dump slags are environmentally pure; the process has high productivity since it is performed in one metallurgical aggregate, which excludes the necessity to perform operations of cleaning the walls and bottom part in it. The examples of implementation of considered salt-free technologies of processing aluminum feedstock in conditions of several Russian metallurgical enterprises are shown.Рассмотрены основные направления ресурсо- и экологосберегающих технологий получения вторичных алюминиевых сплавов в современных производственных условиях. Проведен анализ видов сырья и применяемых плавильных агрегатов, показаны перспективные пути дальнейшего совершенствования данного производственного процесса. Выявлено, что традиционным промышленным способом переработки вторичного алюминиевого сырья, широко используемым на практике, является термическая обработка в среде расплавленных смесей хлоридов. Предложены бессолевые технологии переработки алюминиевых шлаков, основанные на разделении металла и оксидов путем механического воздействия на них в условиях высоких температур в среде печной атмосферы или металла-коллектора. Рассмотрены их преимущества по сравнению с широко распространенной солевой технологией: материалы, применяемые для обработки расплава, существенно дешевле хлоридов щелочных металлов; отвальные шлаки являются экологически чистыми; процесс имеет высокую производительность, так как осуществляется в одном металлургическом агрегате, что исключает необходимость проведения в нем операции чистки стенок и донной части. Показаны примеры реализации рассмотренных бессолевых технологий переработки алюминиевого сырья в условиях нескольких российских металлургических предприятий

ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ МОДИФИЦИРУЮЩИЕ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА КРИСТАЛЛИЗАЦИЮ ЛИТЕЙНЫХ СПЛАВОВ

Main notions on the influence of modifying physical effects (vibration, ultrasound, electromagnetic stirring, thermal-temporal treatment) on the crystallization of cast alloys are generalized. It is revealed with the help of mathematic calculations and experimental investigations that the crystallization and structure formation of cast alloys can be largely determined by the technology of treatment by physical effects during smelting and casting. Physical effects on the crystallizing melt lead to its strong turbulization and mixing, which decreases the temperature and concentration gradients in the melt, eliminates overheating of the liquid phase relative to the solidus temperature, and breaks off the dendrites, which are good crystallization seeds for the entire melt bulk. The evaluation of the dendritic growth during the crystallization showed that dividing the dendrite grains under the physical effects to the melt withstands to their coarsening. Physical effects lead to the bulk crystallization with equiaxial grains without the formation of the columnar structure. Physical modifying effects promote an increase in the quality of fabricated alloys and casts made of them with the proviso of their rational use. Обобщены основные теоретические положения о влиянии модифицирующих физических воздействий (вибрация, ультразвук, электромагнитное перемешивание, термовременная обработка) на кристаллизационные процессы литейных сплавов. С помощью математических расчетов и экспериментальных исследований выявлено, что процессы кристаллизации и структурообразования литейных сплавов в значительной степени могут определяться технологией обработки физическими воздействиями при плавке и литье. При этом физические воздействия на кристаллизующийся расплав приводят к его сильной турбулизации и перемешиванию, что уменьшает температурные и концентрационные градиенты в расплаве, устраняет перегрев жидкой фазы по отношению к температуре солидус, обламывает дендриты, которые являются хорошими затравками кристаллизации для всего объема расплава. Оценка роста дендритов при кристаллизации показала, что при физических воздействиях на расплав процессу укрупнения противостоит процесс дробления дендритных зерен. Физические воздействия приводят к объемной кристаллизации с равноосными зернами без образования столбчатой структуры. Физические модифицирующие воздействия при условии их рационального применения способствуют повышению качества получаемых сплавов и отливок из них.

Analysis of Veterinary and Sanitary Inspection in Russian Federation Subjects

The paper represents the analysis of the key parameters specifying the food safety system in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2020. Such issues as competence of the veterinary experts and laboratories in the field of veterinary and sanitary inspection as well as availability of the necessary equipment including equipment for radiometric tests were particularly considered. Implementation of the internal audit procedure by the veterinary and sanitary testing laboratories was assessed. Data on the availability of the slaughterhouses and slaughter units/facilities for emergency slaughter as well as their staffing with the veterinarians are demonstrated. The study results indicate that 39% of the laboratories are not equipped with the necessary laboratory equipment; 8% of the laboratories perform tests using non-calibrated laboratory equipment, and only 2/3 of the laboratories are covered by the regular internal audits. Evidence of insufficient control over the attestation of the veterinarians involved in the veterinary and sanitary expertise was identified. Moreover, insufficient number of slaughter facilities and veterinary and sanitary testing laboratories in the regions of the country was highlighted as well as inadequate staffing of the laboratories with the veterinarians responsible for the official control of the compliance with the veterinary rules and technical regulations and for the veterinary and sanitary inspections. Therefore, in some regions of the country the national veterinary services lack any capacities necessary to perform the emergency slaughter of the diseased and suspect animals in the isolated and controlled environment with the subsequent on-site storage and decontamination of the slaughter products or their disposal or destruction. The study results demonstrate a number of gaps in the veterinary and sanitary inspection system thus indicating the need for corrective actions to be taken both on the federal and local levels

Features Smelting of Iron and Silicate Materials in the Solid Fuel Low Shaft Furnace

Рассмотрен процесс плавки чугуна и силикатных материалов в твердотопливной низкошахтной печи (вагранке) при замене кокса антрацитом и тощими углями. Приведено теоретическое и практическое обоснование основных технологических параметров процесса. Установлен оптимальный уровень загрузки материалов при плавке чугуна и силикатных материалов в твердотопливной низкошахтной печи, способ подачи дутья в кислородную зону печи и температура дутьяThe process of smelting iron and silicate materials in the solid fuel low shaft furnace (cupola) by replacing coke by anthracite and lean coal. The theoretical and practical study of the basic technological parameters of the process. The optimal level of loading of materials in the smelting of iron and silicate materials in the solid-low shaft oven, a method of supplying oxygen into the blast zone of the furnace and the blast temperatur