Physical parameters and emission mechanism in Gamma-Ray Bursts

Detailed information on the physical parameters in the sources of cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is obtained from few plausible assumptions consistent with observations. Model-independent requirements posed by these assumptions on the emission mechanism in GRBs are formulated. It is found that the observed radiation in sub-MeV energy range is generated by the synchrotron emission mechanism, though about ten per cent of the total GRB energy should be converted via the inverse Compton process into ultra-hard spectral domain (above 100 GeV). We estimate the magnetic field strength in the emitting region, the Lorentz factor of accelerated electrons, and the typical energy of IC photons. We show that there is a "line-of-death" relation for GRBs and derive from this relation the lower limits on both GRB duration and GRB variability timescale. The upper limit on the Lorentz factor of GRB fireballs is also found. We demonstrate that steady-state electron distribution consistent with the Compton losses may produce different spectral indices, e.g., 3/4 as opposed to the figure 1/2 widely discussed in the literature. It is suggested that the changes in the decline rate observed in the lightcurves of several GRB afterglows may be due to the time evolution of spectral break, which appears in the synchrotron emission generated by steady-state self-consistent electron distribution.Comment: Journal reference added, introduction extended, minor changes in notation

Studi Eksploratif terhadap Laporan Hasil Pemeriksaan Kabupaten/kota yang Memperoleh Opini Wajar dengan Pengecualian Menggunakan Content Analysis

According to BPK (2009), most of the audited financial statements of the Indonesia's local government have obtained qualified opinion from BPK. It is useful to explore what such accounts that make the reports qualified by BPK. This study aims to exploratory identify in order to know accounts that appear frequently as being qualified by BPK. Such knowledge would be useful for mapping the problems related to the quality of financial reporting of the local governments. Previous research on governmental financial reporting not yet addressed this necessity. Although this study does not go further to explain the reasons for the qualification, the obtained knowledge would help the local government to set policy for enhancing the quality f their financial reporting. Content analysis undertaken explores that the accounts that are frequently qualified from balanced sheet are assets especially current assets, while from the budget realization reports are expenditures especially operating expenditure. The problems inherent in the qualified accounts associated with the criteria of fairness of local government's financial statements included the incompatibility with government accounting standards in Indonesia, non-compliance with laws and regulations and weaknesses of internal control system. While the insufficiency of disclosure did not became a problem in the qualified accounts on the participant's financial statements

Penerapan Model Discovery Learning sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Teks Cerita Petualangan Siswa Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar

Berdasarkan hasil observasi di kelas IV SDN Babatan I/456 Surabaya, ditemukan permasalahan pada pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, khususnya keterampilan menulis. Sebanyak 61,53% siswa belum mencapai KKM sebesar 70. Hal ini disebabkan oleh penyampaian pembelajaran yang kurang kreatif dan inovatif, pembelajaran yang berpusat pada guru, dan guru menggunakan metode ceramah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan pembelajaran menggunakan model pembelajaran penemuan, hasil belajar menulis teks cerita petualangan, kendala-kendala yang muncul selama pembelajaran serta solusinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK), yang dilakukan dalam dua siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari tiga tahap, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pengamatan, serta refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, tes, dan catatan lapangan. Data yang telah terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan menerapkan model Discovery Learning berlangsung dengan baik. Pada siklus 1, aktivitas pembelajaran mencapai 88,94% dan siklus II sebesar 91,045%, mengalami peningkatan sebesar 2,105% dengan nilai ketercapaian ≥80. Pada siklus I rata-rata ketuntasan hasil belajar menulis teks cerita petualangan mencapai 79,36 dengan persentase ketuntasan klasikal mencapai 73,07%. Pada siklus II rata-rata ketuntasan mencapai 84,09 dengan persentase ketuntasan klasikal mencapai 84,61%, mengalami peningkatan sebesar 11,54%. Kendala- kendala yang dihadapi, dalam siklus I maupun siklus II telah dapat diatasi dengan baik

Panganan Tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung (Tintingan Folklor)

Kang dadi underaning panaliten, yaiku: (1)  Kepriye wujud lan cara nggawene panganan tradhisional Kabudayan iku ora bisa uwal saka panguripane manungsa, awit saka sistem religi nganti sumber sandhang pangan tetep ana gegayutane karo kabudayan. Salah sijine jinis kabudayan yaiku panganan tradhisional. Panganan tradhisional salah sawijine wujud kabudayaan kang kudu dileluri. Kaya dene panganan kang kerep didol ing pasar yaiku sompil, punte, jenang lan sapanunggale. Panganan khas Tulungagung ora amung diarani panganan tradhisional ananging bisa diwhedhar kanthi luwih rowa lan jero ngenani kepriye jinis-jinis, wujud lan cara nggawene panganan iku. Jinis-jinis panganan khas kasebut narik kagiyatane panaliti kanggo dijlentrehake luwih jembar kanthi tintingan folklor. khas ing Tulungagung, (2) Kepriye fungsi panganan tradhisional tumraping masyarakat. Panaliten iki nduweni tujuan kanggo ngandharake wujud lan cara nggawene panganan tradhisional khas ing Tulungagung lan ngandharake fungsi panganan tradhisional tumraping masyarakat. Kang dadi paedahe panaliten yaiku bisa njaga lan nglestarekake panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung, menehi wawasan lan gambaran ngenani panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung lan bisa ngenalake jinis panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung. Kanggo ngonceki perkara kang dadi punjering panaliten, digunakake pamawase Hutomo (1991:64) ngenani folklor pamawase Danandjaja (1986:2) ngenani simbol minangka pralambang pamawase Poerwadarminta (1937:947). Panaliten ngenani Panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung migunakake methode dheskriptif kualitatif. Panaliten dheskriptif iku mujudake panaliten non hipotesis kanthi tujuwan nggambarake wujud, kanthi nggunakake ancangan kualitatif. Kang dadi objek lan papan panaliten yaiku ing pasar-pasar ing Kabupaten Tulungagung. Sumber panaliten yaiku panganan ing Kabupaten Tulungagung, kang dadi informan yaiku warga kang dianggep mangerteni babagan panganan khas Tulungagung. Data panaliten yaiku asil saka wawanrembug kang arupa teks lisan uga chatetan. Instrumen panaliten sing digunakake yaiku panulis amarga panulis sing nindakake panaliten iki diwujudake arupa laporan kang disusun wiwit nol nganti pamungkasan lan kanggo nyengkuyung nindhakake panaliten. Kang dadi isntrumen yaiku tape recorder, kamera lan buku catetan. Tatacara ngumpulake data yaiku Observasi, wawanrembug lan dokumentasi. Tatacara ngolah data ana telung ambalan kang dilakoni yaiku open coding, acial coding lan selective coding. Panganan tradhisional kabupaten Tulungagung iki isih akeh panganane. Nanging ing kene panaliten bisa njupuk mung ana rong puluh wujud panganan kang bisa diteliti, yaiku geti, jenang sabun, jenang manten, lodho, punten, kicak, cenil, cimplong, sega patik, sega loncom, krupuk rambak, bubur ketan, emping melinjo, tape bakar, utri, gethuk, gathot, thiwul, growol, iwel-iwel. Panganan-panganan iki nduweni fungsi yaiku fungsi profan lan magis.  Miturut Kamus Besar Indonesia (2001:897) Profan yaiku ora ana sangkutane karo agama, utawa tujuwan keagamaan, lawan skral. Ora kudus (suci). Magis yaiku nduweni sipat magi, nduweni sambungan karo bab utawa kelakuan magi (Kamus Besar Indonesia 2001:695). Panganan profan yaiku fungsine kanggo perekonomian keluarga, kanggo oleh-oleh, perekonomian restoran, panganan dinan-dinan, panganan camilan, perekonomian warung, perekonomian USAha ing pasar lan perekonomian ing omah. Panganan magis yaiku fungsi kanggo riyayan, kanggo tahlilan,  slametan sing nduwe kajatan, ana pas wekru jumat kliwon, slametan pindah omah, slametan uba rampe lan slametan pitung wulane bayi. Sing kalebu panganan profan yaiku: geti, jenang sabun, jenang manten, lodho, punten, kicak, cenil, cimplong, sega patik, sega loncom, krupuk rambak, bubur ketan, emping melinjo, tape bakar, utri, gethuk, gathot, thiwul, growol, iwel-iwel. Sing kalebu ing magis yaiku: geti, jenang sabun, jenang manten, lodho, iwel-iwel

Panganan Tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung (Tintingan Folklor)

Kang dadi underaning panaliten, yaiku: (1)  Kepriye wujud lan cara nggawene panganan tradhisional Kabudayan iku ora bisa uwal saka panguripane manungsa, awit saka sistem religi nganti sumber sandhang pangan tetep ana gegayutane karo kabudayan. Salah sijine jinis kabudayan yaiku panganan tradhisional. Panganan tradhisional salah sawijine wujud kabudayaan kang kudu dileluri. Kaya dene panganan kang kerep didol ing pasar yaiku sompil, punte, jenang lan sapanunggale. Panganan khas Tulungagung ora amung diarani panganan tradhisional ananging bisa diwhedhar kanthi luwih rowa lan jero ngenani kepriye jinis-jinis, wujud lan cara nggawene panganan iku. Jinis-jinis panganan khas kasebut narik kagiyatane panaliti kanggo dijlentrehake luwih jembar kanthi tintingan folklor. khas ing Tulungagung, (2) Kepriye fungsi panganan tradhisional tumraping masyarakat. Panaliten iki nduweni tujuan kanggo ngandharake wujud lan cara nggawene panganan tradhisional khas ing Tulungagung lan ngandharake fungsi panganan tradhisional tumraping masyarakat. Kang dadi paedahe panaliten yaiku bisa njaga lan nglestarekake panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung, menehi wawasan lan gambaran ngenani panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung lan bisa ngenalake jinis panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung. Kanggo ngonceki perkara kang dadi punjering panaliten, digunakake pamawase Hutomo (1991:64) ngenani folklor pamawase Danandjaja (1986:2) ngenani simbol minangka pralambang pamawase Poerwadarminta (1937:947). Panaliten ngenani Panganan tradhisional Kabupaten Tulungagung migunakake methode dheskriptif kualitatif. Panaliten dheskriptif iku mujudake panaliten non hipotesis kanthi tujuwan nggambarake wujud, kanthi nggunakake ancangan kualitatif. Kang dadi objek lan papan panaliten yaiku ing pasar-pasar ing Kabupaten Tulungagung. Sumber panaliten yaiku panganan ing Kabupaten Tulungagung, kang dadi informan yaiku warga kang dianggep mangerteni babagan panganan khas Tulungagung. Data panaliten yaiku asil saka wawanrembug kang arupa teks lisan uga chatetan. Instrumen panaliten sing digunakake yaiku panulis amarga panulis sing nindakake panaliten iki diwujudake arupa laporan kang disusun wiwit nol nganti pamungkasan lan kanggo nyengkuyung nindhakake panaliten. Kang dadi isntrumen yaiku tape recorder, kamera lan buku catetan. Tatacara ngumpulake data yaiku Observasi, wawanrembug lan dokumentasi. Tatacara ngolah data ana telung ambalan kang dilakoni yaiku open coding, acial coding lan selective coding. Panganan tradhisional kabupaten Tulungagung iki isih akeh panganane. Nanging ing kene panaliten bisa njupuk mung ana rong puluh wujud panganan kang bisa diteliti, yaiku geti, jenang sabun, jenang manten, lodho, punten, kicak, cenil, cimplong, sega patik, sega loncom, krupuk rambak, bubur ketan, emping melinjo, tape bakar, utri, gethuk, gathot, thiwul, growol, iwel-iwel. Panganan-panganan iki nduweni fungsi yaiku fungsi profan lan magis.  Miturut Kamus Besar Indonesia (2001:897) Profan yaiku ora ana sangkutane karo agama, utawa tujuwan keagamaan, lawan skral. Ora kudus (suci). Magis yaiku nduweni sipat magi, nduweni sambungan karo bab utawa kelakuan magi (Kamus Besar Indonesia 2001:695). Panganan profan yaiku fungsine kanggo perekonomian keluarga, kanggo oleh-oleh, perekonomian restoran, panganan dinan-dinan, panganan camilan, perekonomian warung, perekonomian USAha ing pasar lan perekonomian ing omah. Panganan magis yaiku fungsi kanggo riyayan, kanggo tahlilan,  slametan sing nduwe kajatan, ana pas wekru jumat kliwon, slametan pindah omah, slametan uba rampe lan slametan pitung wulane bayi. Sing kalebu panganan profan yaiku: geti, jenang sabun, jenang manten, lodho, punten, kicak, cenil, cimplong, sega patik, sega loncom, krupuk rambak, bubur ketan, emping melinjo, tape bakar, utri, gethuk, gathot, thiwul, growol, iwel-iwel. Sing kalebu ing magis yaiku: geti, jenang sabun, jenang manten, lodho, iwel-iwel

Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan Penerimaan Karyawan Pada PT. Mega Auto Central Finance Cabang Manna Menggunakan Visual Basic 6.0

In a Decision Making System Employee Recruitment happens sometimes difficult to determine qualified employees , especially if the if the employee takes a little and receiving a lot of this is very difficult to determine which ones are good and qualified. Of the various problems that exist , the writer will take a few issues, this is due to limitations in terms of time , cost , effort , and ability to write . The issues that will be examined by the authors include only on the recruitment of employee at Central Auto Finance Branch PT. MEGA Manna

Variability in GRBs - A Clue

We show that external shocks cannot produce a variable GRB, unless they are produced by an extremely narrow jets (angular opening of < ~10^{-4}) or if only a small fraction of the shell emits the radiation and the process is very inefficient. Internal shocks can produce the observed complex temporal structure provided that the source itself is variable. In this case, the observed temporal structure reflects the activity of the ``inner engine'' that drives the bursts. This sets direct constraints on it.Comment: 15 page latex file with 5 PS figure. Complete uuencoded compressed PS file is available at ftp://shemesh.fiz.huji.ac.il or at http://shemesh.fiz.huji.ac.il/papers/SaP_aclue.u