To Father

After a combined fourteen years of post-high school education, four years of Law Review work and twenty-one years of legal experience, we\u27ve discovered that nothing is more difficult than writing about one\u27s father. This is especially true when he has been so special to so many people. We expect that others writing in this dedication issue may honor the teacher, the lawyer, the law student, or the faculty colleague. We, however, write of our father. On into our adulthood he has embodied for us the ideals of honesty and fairness, of compassion and caring for the world, both local and national, of intelligence and hard work, and of love. As we have matured from childhood, we have recognized our fortune in having his continuing example, and the fortune of the community to which he has dedicated most of his adult life. Never one to tout himself, he has worked quietly and effectively to improve the situations of the less fortunate. He is a man dedicated to his family, his faith, his students, and his community and continues as our example of the ethics and personal integrity that is lawyering at its finest

Unification, Funding, Discipline and Administration: Cornerstones for a New Judicial Article

Need for adjustments in the structure and operation of the judiciary is occasioned by the same factors that require modification of other institutions and is more accurately described as a continuing process than as a response to a specific crisis. In recent years, however, demands upon existing judicial resources have burgeoned, and it has been said that the old ways of doing things are clearly inadequate to meet the burdens imposed on our courts by the \u27law explosion\u27 of the mid-20th century. The legitimacy of these demands already has been recognized in Washington. Partial reform of the courts of limited jurisdiction was accomplished in 1961, and a court of appeals was created in 1969. Since no one assumed those two steps alone would resolve all the problems presented, Washington became an active participant in the National Center for State Courts when it was organized. The state also has been aided twice by the citizen conference series sponsored in part by the American Judicature Society. It was during the second of these two conferences that S.J.R. 113, the proposal to place a new judicial article in the state constitution, was developed. The purpose of this article is to discuss some of the provisions of that proposal

Alienation of the Skid-Road Tramp

A book review essay considering You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads, by James P. Spradley (1970)

Impossibility and Frustration in Sales Contracts

Legal principles governing sales under Japanese law, a civil rather than common law system, are at some significant points different from the law of the United States. The treatment accorded problems in the two countries involving impossibility of performance and frustration of purpose present good examples of the differences. Indeed the latter doctrine, frustration in the sense of the well-known Coronation cases, may not have a genuine counterpart in the law of Japan. Historically the differentiation between impossibility and frustration has been difficult enough in the common law, as casual reading of the examples used by Judge Williams in Krell v. Henry will illustrate. Japanese law, for reasons which will be illustrated below, has not experienced a similar confusion of these two situations. The American Law Institute\u27s Restatement of Contracts provides definitions in section 288 for frustration and in sections 454 through 469 for impossibility which will be useful in this paper. Our objective will be to see the extent to which these doctrines are duplicated in the sales law of the two systems and to see, where no exact counterparts exist, how similar problems are resolved

The Antimonopoly Law of Japan and Its Enforcement

The Antimonopoly Law of Japan became effective in July 1947, less than two decades ago. The act was extravagantly endorsed by the U.S. occupation forces as a charter for the economic future of Japan. It was indeed a significant undertaking, designed to implant democratic practices where none had existed before, and it required basic, almost revolutionary, changes in the economic structure of the nation. Equally important was the circumstance that this law was neither sought nor desired by the Japanese. It was imposed upon a defeated people, a device entirely alien to the history and culture of those who were expected to make it work. The purpose of this article is to examine the act and to attempt an evaluation

A New Star-Formation Rate Calibration from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission Features and Application to High Redshift Galaxies

We calibrate the integrated luminosity from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features at 6.2\micron, 7.7\micron\ and 11.3\micron\ in galaxies as a measure of the star-formation rate (SFR). These features are strong (containing as much as 5-10\% of the total infrared luminosity) and suffer minimal extinction. Our calibration uses \spitzer\ Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) measurements of 105 galaxies at $0 < z < 0.4$, infrared (IR) luminosities of 10^9 - 10^{12} \lsol, combined with other well-calibrated SFR indicators. The PAH luminosity correlates linearly with the SFR as measured by the extinction-corrected \ha\ luminosity over the range of luminosities in our calibration sample. The scatter is 0.14 dex comparable to that between SFRs derived from the \paa\ and extinction-corrected \ha\ emission lines, implying the PAH features may be as accurate a SFR indicator as hydrogen recombination lines. The PAH SFR relation depends on gas-phase metallicity, for which we supply an empirical correction for galaxies with 0.2 < \mathrm{Z} \lsim 0.7~\zsol. We present a case study in advance of the \textit{James Webb Space Telescope} (\jwst), which will be capable of measuring SFRs from PAHs in distant galaxies at the peak of the SFR density in the universe ($z\sim2$) with SFRs as low as $\sim$~10~\sfrunits. We use \spitzer/IRS observations of the PAH features and \paa\ emission plus \ha\ measurements in lensed star-forming galaxies at $1 < z < 3$ to demonstrate the ability of the PAHs to derive accurate SFRs. We also demonstrate that because the PAH features dominate the mid-IR fluxes, broad-band mid-IR photometric measurements from \jwst\ will trace both the SFR and provide a way to exclude galaxies dominated by an AGN.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

The Ising Model for Neural Data: Model Quality and Approximate Methods for Extracting Functional Connectivity

We study pairwise Ising models for describing the statistics of multi-neuron spike trains, using data from a simulated cortical network. We explore efficient ways of finding the optimal couplings in these models and examine their statistical properties. To do this, we extract the optimal couplings for subsets of size up to 200 neurons, essentially exactly, using Boltzmann learning. We then study the quality of several approximate methods for finding the couplings by comparing their results with those found from Boltzmann learning. Two of these methods- inversion of the TAP equations and an approximation proposed by Sessak and Monasson- are remarkably accurate. Using these approximations for larger subsets of neurons, we find that extracting couplings using data from a subset smaller than the full network tends systematically to overestimate their magnitude. This effect is described qualitatively by infinite-range spin glass theory for the normal phase. We also show that a globally-correlated input to the neurons in the network lead to a small increase in the average coupling. However, the pair-to-pair variation of the couplings is much larger than this and reflects intrinsic properties of the network. Finally, we study the quality of these models by comparing their entropies with that of the data. We find that they perform well for small subsets of the neurons in the network, but the fit quality starts to deteriorate as the subset size grows, signalling the need to include higher order correlations to describe the statistics of large networks.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

Phase locking below rate threshold in noisy model neurons

The property of a neuron to phase-lock to an oscillatory stimulus before adapting its spike rate to the stimulus frequency plays an important role for the auditory system. We investigate under which conditions neurons exhibit this phase locking below rate threshold. To this end, we simulate neurons employing the widely used leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model. Tuning parameters, we can arrange either an irregular spontaneous or a tonic spiking mode. When the neuron is stimulated in both modes, a significant rise of vector strength prior to a noticeable change of the spike rate can be observed. Combining analytic reasoning with numerical simulations, we trace this observation back to a modulation of interspike intervals, which itself requires spikes to be only loosely coupled. We test the limits of this conception by simulating an LIF model with threshold fatigue, which generates pronounced anticorrelations between subsequent interspike intervals. In addition we evaluate the LIF response for harmonic stimuli of various frequencies and discuss the extension to more complex stimuli. It seems that phase locking below rate threshold occurs generically for all zero mean stimuli. Finally, we discuss our findings in the context of stimulus detection