110 research outputs found
Genetic Predisposition of Donors Affects the Allograft Outcome in Kidney Transplantation; Polymorphisms of Stromal-Derived Factor-1 and CXC Receptor 4
Genetic interaction between donor and recipient may dictate the impending
responses after transplantation. In this study, we evaluated the role of the
genetic predispositions of stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1) [rs1801157
(G>A)] and CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) [rs2228014 (C>T)] on
renal allograft outcomes. A total of 335 pairs of recipients and donors were
enrolled. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) and long-term graft survival were
traced. Despite similar allele frequencies between donors and recipients, minor
allele of SDF1 rs1801157 (GA+AA) from donor, not from recipients, has a
protective effect on the development of BPAR compared to wild type donor (GG)
(Pâ=â0.005). Adjustment for multiple
covariates did not affect this result (odds ratio 0.39, 95% C.I
0.20â0.76, Pâ=â0.006). CXCR4
rs2228014 polymorphisms from donor or recipient did not affect the incidence of
acute rejection. SDF1 was differentially expressed in renal tubular epithelium
with acute rejection according to genetic variations of donor rs1801157 showing
higher expressions in the grafts from GG donors. Contrary to the development of
BPAR, the presence of minor allele rs1801157 A, especially homozygocity,
predisposed poor graft survival
(Pâ=â0.001). This association was
significant after adjusting for several risk factors (hazard ratio 3.01;
95% C.Iâ=â1.19â7.60;
Pâ=â0.020). The allelic variation of
recipients, however, was not associated with graft loss. A donor-derived genetic
polymorphism of SDF1 has influenced the graft outcome. Thus, the genetic
predisposition of donor should be carefully considered in transplantation
Financial Development, International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
The study utilizes the Autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL) approach for cointegration and Granger causality test, to explore the long run equilibrium relationship and the possible direction of causality between international trade, financial development and economic growth for the Pakistan economy. Imports plus exports of goods and services is used as a proxy for international trade, while broad money (M2) and gross domestic product (GDP) are used as the proxies for financial development and economic growth, respectively. Result explores a long run relationship between the variables. In case of Pakistan, economy supply leading hypothesis is accepted. Moreover, unidirectional causality is observed from international trade to economic growth and from financial development to international trade
Competition between Ï and Ï hydrogen bonds and conformational probing of 2-orthofluorophenylethanol by low- and high-resolution electronic spectroscopy
The flexible model molecule 2-orthofluorophenylethanol has been investigated by laser-induced fluorescence, and low- and high-resolution resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization spectroscopy in combination with high-level ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. One dominant conformation has been identified in the cold molecular beam corresponding to the most stable theoretically predicted gauchestructure stabilized by an intramolecular OHâŻÏ hydrogen bond. A tentative assignment of a higher-lying gauche conformer present in the molecular beam separated by high potential barriers from the most stable one has been made. The missing other higher-energy theoretically predicted conformations most likely relax to the most stable ones during the process of the adiabatic expansion. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results demonstrates that even in the case of a substitution with an electronegative atom at the ortho position, bringing about a significant redistribution of the electron density in the benzene ring and providing a convenient binding site for the formation of a competing OHâŻF Ïhydrogen bond, the nonclassical OHâŻÏ bond remains the preferred binding motif for the most stable conformer
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