Avipox Virus Infection in Rosella parakeet (Platycercus sp.)

Three parakeets were brought for postmortem examination with a history of sudden death. The gross examination of birds revealed multiple light whitish nodules around the left eye, on the skin at the level of hock joint, on the anterior part of tracheal mucosa, congested lung and pallor liver. Impression smears from nodules revealed numerous heterophils, red blood cells, necrotic epithelial cells and bacterial colonies. Histopathological examination of nodules revealed eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the spinosal cells, epidermal hyperplasia, ballooning degeneration of spinosal cells and bacterial colonies. The virus was isolated and infection was produced on both chorioallantoic membrane and chicken embryo fibroblasts. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out and primer set designed from the 4b core protein gene of fowl pox virus revealed amplification at 578 bp. Suitable remedial measures were recommended against avipox virus infection and secondary bacterial infection

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Not AvailableBacteria are identified up to genus or species level using set of streamlined protocols. They are categorized as polyphasic taxonomy or systematic taxonomy which involves different methods starting from grams reaction, other macromolecular structure characterization, biochemical characterization, characterization for the fatty acid profile and molecularly based on 16s rDNA sequencing analysis, and DNA-DNA hybridization.Not Availabl

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Chapter 35 of training manual "Recent advances in harvest and post-harvest technologies in fisheries"Not AvailableNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSterilization denotes the complete killing of viable microbes including the spores. Disinfection means killing of microbes but not all the microbes with the help of chemical agents called disinfectants i.e., reduction in the number of organism. Sterilization in the microbiological laboratory denotes sterilization process implemented in preparation of culture media, reagents and equipment where the work warrants maintaining sterile condition.Not Availabl

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Chapter 32 of training manual "Recent advances in harvest and post-harvest technologies in fisheries"Not AvailableNot Availabl

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Not AvailableMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is not a resident flora of fish. Its presence is endorsed to post-harvest contamination viz., handlers, handling equipment and environment. Earlier investigation revealed the presence of MRSA in seafood sold in retail fish markets in Kerala, India. Further studies were conducted to understand and identify the source of contamination into seafood sold in the retail markets by a pilot study. Seventeen samples which includes seafood and fishery environment samples from a landing centre and a retail fish market were collected to identify the source of contamination of MRSA. The whole experiment was repeated with same sampling plan for validation of the procedure, a week later from the same landing centre to the point of sale at fish market. MRSA was isolated from 35.2% to 23.5% of samples during first and second visits respectively. spa typing of the MRSA isolates revealed that MRSA from the landing centre (t311 and t15669) were carried to the retail fish market. Ice and water were the probable source for contamination during handling at the landing centre. This is first study to trace the source of contamination of MRSA in seafood and fishery environment. It is imperative that spa typing can be implemented for studying the local spread of MRSA clones at specific geographical locations only after establishing its diversity. To better understand the complexity of local spread of MRSA and reproducibility of this experiment, studies has to be conducted in other landing centre and retail markets.Not Availabl

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