Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterizations of nanosized copper ferrite and barium titanate for antimicrobial applications

Science and technology of nanosized bimetallic oxide nanomaterials records the various properties and applications. Especially biomedical applications are viewed in particular due to its nanosized particle size. The present experimentation is reporting the microwave-assisted synthesis of nanosized bimetallic oxides like copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) and barium titanate (BaTiO3) by solid state combustion route using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a fuel. The structural and morphological characterizations of the bimetallic oxide nanomaterials are performed out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) tools respectively. These analyses report the crystalline nature of both samples. EDX spectral study is also undertaken to know the existence of different metals in the above-mentioned samples. Bonding nature of the bimetallic oxide samples were readied by Fourier transfer infrared (FT-IR) instrumentation. The study reviewed the varied vibrational modes confirms the phase formation of the samples. UV-Vis and thermal study of these bimetallic oxide samples are also studied extensively to know the thermal and absorption behavior respectively. TGA of both the samples are traced and are showing decomposition at rapid rate. In addition, the maximum absorption peaks due to π - π* transition confirms the sample formation. Antimicrobial activity of the prepared oxide samples was studied for antibacterial and antifungal behavior. Both samples showing considerable activity against various bacteria and fungi

Not Available

Not AvailableCastor has been a recalcitrant crop for in vitro manipulations. To realize the potential of genetic engineering, it is essential to develop a repeatable transformation protocol. In planta transformation has been identified as a method of choice to obtain transgenic lines in crops that are trajectory to in vitro procedures. In the present investigation, we have developed an optimized protocol for realizing transgenic castor plants through Agrobacterium mediated in planta transformation. We have established procedures to ensure better survival of Agrobacterium treated seedlings (T0 ) in transgenic green house as well as for screening T1 progeny plants to identify putative transgenic plants. The optimized factors included: growing the Agro-treated (pricked) seedlings for two days in soilrite and then transferring to soil, treating the two day old seedlings of T1 progeny plants in hygromycin solution @40mg/l for two hours and then transferring the normal looking plants to the soil in transgenic green house. Using the optimized protocol, we have realized 30 transgenic castor plants carrying different gene constructs.Not Availabl

The pheno-genotypic characteristics of infantile acute leukemia in a regional cancer center from South India

Introduction: Acute leukemia (AL) is uncommon in infants, with an annual incidence of 30 per million live births. They have peculiar biological characteristics. Although remarkable progress is seen in treatment of childhood AL, infantile AL remains a resistant subset with a dismally low 4-year survival of 35%. Objectives: To study the morphological, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic features of infantile AL. A retrospective study of AL cases in children from birth up to 1 year of age, presenting to the departments of pediatric oncology and hematopathology between January 2010 and April 2015, was conducted. Results: Thirty-eight cases of infantile AL were included. The mean age at presentation was 10.2 months, and a female preponderance (M–F ratio: 0.65:1) was noted. Hyperleukocytosis (total white cell count >50 × 109/mm3) was seen in 13 (39.4%) cases. Immunophenotyping done in 31 cases showed pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B ALL) in 18 (58%), pre-T ALL in three (9.7%), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 10 (32.3%). CD10 positivity was seen in 12 (57.1%) cases of ALL. Cytogenetic study done in 34 cases showed AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities in four. Mixed lineage leukemia (11q23) abnormality was seen in three cases of ALL. Two cases of AML were associated with trisomy 21. One case with features of AML M7 in a 4-day-old baby turned out to be transient abnormal myelopoiesis on follow-up. Conclusion: Literature on infantile AL from Indian studies is scarce compared to the available Western literature. Hence an epidemiological study of AL cases was done with review of literature, in an attempt to understand their pheno-genotypic features that influence their behavior. This may help in standardizing the treatment of these rare cases

Mechanistic Insight into the Turn-Off Sensing of Nitroaromatic Compounds Employing Functionalized Polyaniline

[EN] Conducting Polymers (CPs), in recent times have contributed significantly in the detection of High Energy Materials possessing nitro functional groups through fluorescence quenching studies. Camphor sulphuric acid doped polyaniline (C-PANI) is studied with a view to obtain easily processable PANI without pi-stacking for the detection of Picric acid(PA) and p-nitro toluene(pNT) in trace levels. The quenching constant and limit of detection were found to be 2.236x10(-6) M and 6.14x10(-7) M for PA and 1.9447x10(-7) M and 3.57x10(-7) M for pNT, respectively showing a very good sensitivity in detection. Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) showed the involvement of the bipolaronic and benzenoid group in the charge transfer complex formed between the conducting polymer and the analyte. The photoluminescence studies indicated a predominant PET mechanism. The electrochemical studies employing cyclic voltammetry gave higher band gap on comparison with absorption studies. The positive and negative shift in oxidation and reduction potential of polymer-analyte was observed and collaborated with the fluorescence studies to understand the possible fluorescence quenching mechanism from electrochemical approach.The authors greatly acknowledge and thank Prof. G. U. Kulkarni, the Director of Centre for Nano and Soft Matter (CeNS) for providing the facility to work in the centre. Specifically, one of our author, Satish Ashok Ture, expresses his thanks to M/s Premier Explosive Limited for their Financial support (H/A: 4254). We also thank the Spanish Government (RTI2018-100910-B-C41 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE)) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO2018/024) for their support. Part of this work is carried out under the Gulbarga University-Central University of Karnataka MoU program.Venkatappa, L.; Ture, SA.; Yelamaggad, CV.; Sundaram, VNN.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Abbaraju, V. (2020). Mechanistic Insight into the Turn-Off Sensing of Nitroaromatic Compounds Employing Functionalized Polyaniline. ChemistrySelect. 5(21):6321-6330. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202001170S63216330521Rong, M., Lin, L., Song, X., Zhao, T., Zhong, Y., Yan, J., … Chen, X. (2014). A Label-Free Fluorescence Sensing Approach for Selective and Sensitive Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol (TNP) in Aqueous Solution Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets. Analytical Chemistry, 87(2), 1288-1296. doi:10.1021/ac5039913Shanmugaraju, S., Joshi, S. A., & Mukherjee, P. S. (2011). Fluorescence and visual sensing of nitroaromatic explosives using electron rich discrete fluorophores. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(25), 9130. doi:10.1039/c1jm10406cRapp-Wright, H., McEneff, G., Murphy, B., Gamble, S., Morgan, R., Beardah, M., & Barron, L. (2017). Suspect screening and quantification of trace organic explosives in wastewater using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 329, 11-21. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.008Salinas, Y., Martínez-Máñez, R., Marcos, M. D., Sancenón, F., Costero, A. M., Parra, M., & Gil, S. (2012). Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41(3), 1261-1296. doi:10.1039/c1cs15173hMartínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2006). Chemodosimeters and 3D inorganic functionalised hosts for the fluoro-chromogenic sensing of anions. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 250(23-24), 3081-3093. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.016Koster, L. J. A., Mihailetchi, V. D., & Blom, P. W. M. (2006). Ultimate efficiency of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, 88(9), 093511. doi:10.1063/1.2181635ZEMAN, S. (2006). New aspects of initiation reactivities of energetic materials demonstrated on nitramines☆☆☆. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 132(2-3), 155-164. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.086Tang, C. W. (1986). Two‐layer organic photovoltaic cell. Applied Physics Letters, 48(2), 183-185. doi:10.1063/1.96937Caygill, J. S., Davis, F., & Higson, S. P. J. (2012). Current trends in explosive detection techniques. Talanta, 88, 14-29. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.043Ramanavicius, A., Kurilcik, N., Jursenas, S., Finkelsteinas, A., & Ramanaviciene, A. (2007). Conducting polymer based fluorescence quenching as a new approach to increase the selectivity of immunosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 23(4), 499-505. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2007.06.013Ramanavicius, A., Ryskevic, N., Oztekin, Y., Kausaite-Minkstimiene, A., Jursenas, S., Baniukevic, J., … Ramanaviciene, A. (2010). Immunosensor based on fluorescence quenching matrix of the conducting polymer polypyrrole. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 398(7-8), 3105-3113. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-4265-8Sun, X., Wang, Y., & Lei, Y. (2015). Fluorescence based explosive detection: from mechanisms to sensory materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(22), 8019-8061. doi:10.1039/c5cs00496aXu, Y., Wu, X., Chen, Y., Hang, H., Tong, H., & Wang, L. (2016). Star-shaped triazatruxene derivatives for rapid fluorescence fiber-optic detection of nitroaromatic explosive vapors. RSC Adv., 6(38), 31915-31918. doi:10.1039/c6ra04553gJiang, N., Li, G., Che, W., Zhu, D., Su, Z., & Bryce, M. R. (2018). Polyurethane derivatives for highly sensitive and selective fluorescence detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6(42), 11287-11291. doi:10.1039/c8tc04250kYang, J.-S., & Swager, T. M. (1998). Porous Shape Persistent Fluorescent Polymer Films:  An Approach to TNT Sensory Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120(21), 5321-5322. doi:10.1021/ja9742996Yang, J.-S., & Swager, T. M. (1998). Fluorescent Porous Polymer Films as TNT Chemosensors:  Electronic and Structural Effects. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120(46), 11864-11873. doi:10.1021/ja982293qThomas, S. W., Joly, G. D., & Swager, T. M. (2007). Chemical Sensors Based on Amplifying Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers. Chemical Reviews, 107(4), 1339-1386. doi:10.1021/cr0501339Nie, H., Ma, H., Zhang, M., & Zhong, Y. (2015). A novel electropolymerized fluorescent film probe for TNT based on electro-active conjugated copolymer. Talanta, 144, 1111-1115. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.056He, G., Yan, N., Yang, J., Wang, H., Ding, L., Yin, S., & Fang, Y. (2011). Pyrene-Containing Conjugated Polymer-Based Fluorescent Films for Highly Sensitive and Selective Sensing of TNT in Aqueous Medium. Macromolecules, 44(12), 4759-4766. doi:10.1021/ma200953sAndrew, T. L., & Swager, T. M. (2007). A Fluorescence Turn-On Mechanism to Detect High Explosives RDX and PETN. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(23), 7254-7255. doi:10.1021/ja071911cDasary, S. S. R., Singh, A. K., Lee, K. S., Yu, H., & Ray, P. C. (2018). A miniaturized fiber-optic fluorescence analyzer for detection of Picric-acid explosive from commercial and environmental samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255, 1646-1654. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.175Deshmukh, M. A., Gicevicius, M., Ramanaviciene, A., Shirsat, M. D., Viter, R., & Ramanavicius, A. (2017). Hybrid electrochemical/electrochromic Cu(II) ion sensor prototype based on PANI/ITO-electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 248, 527-535. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.03.167MacDiarmid, A. G. (2001). «Synthetic Metals»: A Novel Role for Organic Polymers (Nobel Lecture). Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 40(14), 2581-2590. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010716)40:143.0.co;2-2Basavaraja, C., Pierson, R., Huh, D. S., Venkataraman, A., & Basavaraja, S. (2009). Studies on properties of polyaniline-dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid composite films synthesized using different oxidants. Macromolecular Research, 17(8), 609-615. doi:10.1007/bf03218917Mikhaylov, S., Ogurtsov, N., Noskov, Y., Redon, N., Coddeville, P., Wojkiewicz, J.-L., & Pud, A. (2015). Ammonia/amine electronic gas sensors based on hybrid polyaniline–TiO2 nanocomposites. The effects of titania and the surface active doping acid. RSC Advances, 5(26), 20218-20226. doi:10.1039/c4ra16121aMikhaylov, S., Ogurtsov, N. A., Redon, N., Coddeville, P., Wojkiewicz, J.-L., & Pud, A. A. (2016). The PANI-DBSA content and dispersing solvent as influencing parameters in sensing performances of TiO2/PANI-DBSA hybrid nanocomposites to ammonia. RSC Advances, 6(86), 82625-82634. doi:10.1039/c6ra12693fZhang, Y., Kim, J. J., Chen, D., Tuller, H. L., & Rutledge, G. C. (2014). Electrospun Polyaniline Fibers as Highly Sensitive Room Temperature Chemiresistive Sensors for Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Gases. Advanced Functional Materials, 24(25), 4005-4014. doi:10.1002/adfm.201400185Nipper, M., Carr, R. S., Biedenbach, J. M., Hooten, R. L., & Miller, K. (2005). Fate and effects of picric acid and 2,6-DNT in marine environments: Toxicity of degradation products. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(11), 1205-1217. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.019Singh, R., Mitra, K., Singh, S., Senapati, S., Patel, V. K., Vishwakarma, S., … Ray, B. (2019). Highly selective fluorescence ‘turn off’ sensing of picric acid and efficient cell labelling by water-soluble luminescent anthracene-bridged poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone). The Analyst, 144(11), 3620-3634. doi:10.1039/c8an02417kGeng, T., Zhu, Z., Zhang, W., & Wang, Y. (2017). A nitrogen-rich fluorescent conjugated microporous polymer with triazine and triphenylamine units for high iodine capture and nitro aromatic compound detection. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(16), 7612-7617. doi:10.1039/c7ta00590cBharadwaj, V., Park, J. E., Sahoo, S. K., & Choi, H. (2019). Selective Fluorescent Turn‐Off Detection of Picric Acid Using a Novel Tripodal Supramolecular Triazole‐Trindane‐Based Receptor. ChemistrySelect, 4(36), 10895-10901. doi:10.1002/slct.201902718Sharma, A., Kim, D., Park, J.-H., Rakshit, S., Seong, J., Jeong, G. H., … Lah, M. S. (2019). Mechanistic insight into the sensing of nitroaromatic compounds by metal-organic frameworks. Communications Chemistry, 2(1). doi:10.1038/s42004-019-0135-2Chakravarty, S., Gogoi, B., & Sen Sarma, N. (2015). Fluorescent probes for detection of picric acid explosive: A greener approach. Journal of Luminescence, 165, 6-14. doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.04.006Bacon, J., & Adams, R. N. (1968). Anodic oxidations of aromatic amines. III. Substituted anilines in aqueous media. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 90(24), 6596-6599. doi:10.1021/ja01026a005Wawzonek, S., & McIntyre, T. W. (1967). Electrolytic Oxidation of Aromatic Amines. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 114(10), 1025. doi:10.1149/1.2424177Morávková, Z., & Bober, P. (2018). Writing in a Polyaniline Film with Laser Beam and Stability of the Record: A Raman Spectroscopy Study. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2018, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2018/1797216Silva, J. E. P. da, Temperini, M. L. A., & Torresi, S. I. C. de. (2005). Characterization of conducting polyaniline blends by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 16(3a), 322-327. doi:10.1590/s0103-50532005000300005Wudl, F., Kobayashi, M., & Heeger, A. J. (1984). Poly(isothianaphthene). The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49(18), 3382-3384. doi:10.1021/jo00192a027Trchová, M., Morávková, Z., Šeděnková, I., & Stejskal, J. (2012). Spectroscopy of thin polyaniline films deposited during chemical oxidation of aniline. Chemical Papers, 66(5). doi:10.2478/s11696-012-0142-6Masilamani, V., Ghaithan, H. M., Aljaafreh, M. J., Ahmed, A., al Thagafi, R., Prasad, S., & Alsalhi, M. S. (2017). Using a Spectrofluorometer for Resonance Raman Spectra of Organic Molecules. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2017, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2017/4289830Afzal, A. B., Akhtar, M. J., & Ahmad, M. (2010). Morphological studies of DBSA-doped polyaniline/PVC blends. Journal of Electron Microscopy, 59(5), 339-344. doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfq050Ahmed, S. M. (2002). Preparation and degradation of highly conducting polyaniline doped with picric acid. European Polymer Journal, 38(6), 1151-1158. doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(01)00293-2Nguyen, K. T., Li, D., Borah, P., Ma, X., Liu, Z., Zhu, L., … Zhao, Y. (2013). Photoinduced Charge Transfer within Polyaniline-Encapsulated Quantum Dots Decorated on Graphene. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5(16), 8105-8110. doi:10.1021/am402182zColomban, P., Folch, S., & Gruger, A. (1999). Vibrational Study of Short-Range Order and Structure of Polyaniline Bases and Salts. Macromolecules, 32(9), 3080-3092. doi:10.1021/ma981018lShimano, J. Y., & MacDiarmid, A. G. (2001). Polyaniline, a dynamic block copolymer: key to attaining its intrinsic conductivity? Synthetic Metals, 123(2), 251-262. doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(01)00293-4Sambyal, P., Singh, A. P., Verma, M., Farukh, M., Singh, B. P., & Dhawan, S. K. (2014). Tailored polyaniline/barium strontium titanate/expanded graphite multiphase composite for efficient radar absorption. RSC Advances, 4(24), 12614. doi:10.1039/c3ra46479bHengchang, M., Zhongwei, Z., Yuanyuan, J., Lajia, Z., Chunxuan, Q., Haiying, C., … Ziqiang, L. (2015). Triphenylamine-decorated BODIPY fluorescent probe for trace detection of picric acid. RSC Advances, 5(106), 87157-87167. doi:10.1039/c5ra12154jBhalla, V., Gupta, A., Kumar, M., Rao, D. S. S., & Prasad, S. K. (2013). Self-Assembled Pentacenequinone Derivative for Trace Detection of Picric Acid. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5(3), 672-679. doi:10.1021/am302132hChen, Y.-G., Zhao, D., He, Z.-K., & Ai, X.-P. (2007). Fluorescence quenching of water-soluble conjugated polymer by metal cations and its application in sensor. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 66(2), 448-452. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2006.03.021Sathish, V., Ramdass, A., Velayudham, M., Lu, K.-L., Thanasekaran, P., & Rajagopal, S. (2017). Development of luminescent sensors based on transition metal complexes for the detection of nitroexplosives. Dalton Transactions, 46(48), 16738-16769. doi:10.1039/c7dt02790gGoodpaster, J. V., & McGuffin, V. L. (2001). Fluorescence Quenching as an Indirect Detection Method for Nitrated Explosives. Analytical Chemistry, 73(9), 2004-2011. doi:10.1021/ac001347nShanmugaraju, S., Dabadie, C., Byrne, K., Savyasachi, A. J., Umadevi, D., Schmitt, W., … Gunnlaugsson, T. (2017). A supramolecular Tröger’s base derived coordination zinc polymer for fluorescent sensing of phenolic-nitroaromatic explosives in water. Chemical Science, 8(2), 1535-1546. doi:10.1039/c6sc04367dHe, G., Zhang, G., Lü, F., & Fang, Y. (2009). Fluorescent Film Sensor for Vapor-Phase Nitroaromatic Explosives via Monolayer Assembly of Oligo(diphenylsilane) on Glass Plate Surfaces. Chemistry of Materials, 21(8), 1494-1499. doi:10.1021/cm900013fWenfeng, L., Hengchang, M., & Ziqiang, L. (2014). Self-assembled triphenylamine derivative for trace detection of picric acid. RSC Adv., 4(74), 39351-39358. doi:10.1039/c4ra05843gLi, Q., Tan, X., Fu, L., Liu, Q., & Tang, W. (2015). A novel fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering probe based on quantum dots for the detection of albendazole. Analytical Methods, 7(2), 614-620. doi:10.1039/c4ay02289kD. Jawale Patil, P., D. Ingle, R., M. Wagalgave, S., S. Bhosale, R., V. Bhosale, S., P. Pawar, R., & V. Bhosale, S. (2019). A Naphthalimide-Benzothiazole Conjugate as Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensor for Selective Trinitrophenol Detection. Chemosensors, 7(3), 38. doi:10.3390/chemosensors7030038Madhu, P., & Sivakumar, P. (2019). Curcumin-based fluorescent chemosensor for selective and efficient detection of picric acid. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1185, 410-415. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.112Gowri, A., Vignesh, R., & Kathiravan, A. (2019). Anthracene based AIEgen for picric acid detection in real water samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 220, 117144. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2019.117144Yao, H., & Fukui, C. (2016). Size and morphology effects on the fluorescence properties of π-conjugated poly(p-phenylene) polyelectrolyte nanoparticles synthesized via polyion association. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 4(14), 2945-2953. doi:10.1039/c5tc03337cLakshmidevi, V., Yelamaggad, C. V., & Venkataraman, A. (2018). Studies on Fluorescence Quenching of DBSA-PANI-Employing Nitroaromatics. ChemistrySelect, 3(9), 2655-2664. doi:10.1002/slct.201702992Prabu, H. G., Talawar, M. B., Mukundan, T., & Asthana, S. N. (2011). Studies on the utilization of stripping voltammetry technique in the detection of high-energy materials. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 47(1), 87-95. doi:10.1134/s0010508211010126Venkatramaiah, N., Firmino, A. D. G., Almeida Paz, F. A., & Tomé, J. P. C. (2014). Fast detection of nitroaromatics using phosphonate pyrene motifs as dual chemosensors. Chem. Commun., 50(68), 9683-9686. doi:10.1039/c4cc03980gHaram, S. K., Quinn, B. M., & Bard, A. J. (2001). Electrochemistry of CdS Nanoparticles:  A Correlation between Optical and Electrochemical Band Gaps. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(36), 8860-8861. doi:10.1021/ja0158206Huang, J., & Wan, M. (1999). In situ doping polymerization of polyaniline microtubules in the presence of ?-naphthalenesulfonic acid. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 37(2), 151-157. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19990115)37:23.0.co;2-

Not Available

Not AvailableCastor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an annual chiefy non-edible oilseed crop of commercial and industrial importance cultivated worldwide. There are emerging genetic improvement objectives including the need for developing CMS system, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, ideal plant types for high-density planting and mechanical harvesting, and ricin-free castor bean seeds. Conventional breeding efforts and innovations including hybrid development using two-line system, selecting annual type from perennial nature, incorporating resistance against diseases, increasing harvest index, etc. have contributed immensely for increasing the productivity of the crop. However, in the absence of suitable genetic material with suitable traits, a few of the objectives such as resistance to gray mold disease, resistance to foliage feeders, ricin-free castor bean, etc. have not been achieved with the traditional approach. In this background, the success stories that have been witnessed in other crops as well as with the basic information that has been generated in castor bean suggest that biotechnological approaches employing genomics assisted breeding and genetic engineering strategies have immense potential in the genetic improvement of castor bean. With this understanding, to create an updated information, the available literature on various aspects of biotechnological research such as genetic and genomic resources, genetic engineering tools, and techniques developed in castor bean has been reviewed, and appropriate strategies along with the future scope are presented that could be adopted for genetic enhancement of castor bean both for input and output traits.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableMajor biotic stresses viz., bacterial blight (BB) and blast and brown plant hopper (BPH) coupled with abiotic stresses like drought stress, significantly affect rice yields. To address this, marker-assisted intercross (IC) breeding involving multiple donors was used to combine three BB resistance genes—xa5, xa13 and Xa21, two blast resistance genes—Pi9 and Pi54, two BPH resistance genes—Bph20 and Bph21, and four drought tolerant quantitative trait loci (QTL)—qDTY1.1, qDTY2.1, qDTY3.1 and qDTY12.1—in the genetic background of the elite Indian rice cultivar ‘Krishna Hamsa’. Three cycles of selective intercrossing followed by selfing coupled with foreground selection and phenotyping for the target traits resulted in the development of 196 introgression lines (ILs) with a myriad of gene/QTL combinations. Based on the phenotypic reaction, the ILs were classified into seven phenotypic classes of resistance/tolerance to the following: (1) BB, blast and drought—5 ILs; (2) BB and blast—10 ILs; (3) BB and drought—9 ILs; (4) blast and drought—42 ILs; (5) BB—3 ILs; (6) blast—84 ILs; and (7) drought—43 ILs; none of the ILs were resistant to BPH. Positive phenotypic response (resistance) was observed to both BB and blast in 2 ILs, BB in 9 ILs and blast in 64 ILs despite the absence of corresponding R genes. Inheritance of resistance to BB and/or blast in such ILs could be due to the unknown genes from other parents used in the breeding scheme. Negative phenotypic response (susceptibility) was observed in 67 ILs possessing BB-R genes, 9 ILs with blast-R genes and 9 ILs harboring QTLs for drought tolerance. Complex genic interactions and recombination events due to the involvement of multiple donors explain susceptibility in some of the marker positive ILs. The present investigation successfully demonstrates the possibility of rapid development of multiple stress-tolerant/resistant ILs in the elite cultivar background involving multiple donors through selective intercrossing and stringent phenotyping. The 196 ILs in seven phenotypic classes with myriad of gene/QTL combinations will serve as a useful genetic resource in combining multiple biotic and abiotic stress resistance in future breeding programs.Not Availabl