Land to the Working People: The Agrarian Question in the Political Programme of Old Believers

The article was submitted on 26.11.2018.This article considers a number of provisions by some Old Believer concords regarding the agrarian question. The analysis is based on documents and acts from Old Believer organisations, congresses, and meetings, journalistic materials, and epistolary documents. The Old Believers suggested a solution to the land question that involved elements of the liberal (Kadet) programme. However, unlike the Kadets (who suggested in 1917 that the land be given to peasants in perpetuity), Old Believers (including peasants) insisted that the land given to peasants be treated as private property. A small number of Old Believer peasants acted according to the principles established by the Socialist Revolutionaries. However, the Old Believer solution to the agrarian question was characterised by a unique combination of features. To a large extent, this resulted from the peculiarities of the democratic and polemic structure of the Old Believer community. Old Believer peasants (who mostly had solid, functioning households) always trusted the representative bodies and forums in which they actively participated. Thus, formulated at their congresses and meetings, the peasants’ points of view were actively taken into account by Old Believer authorities and had a considerable influence on the resolutions of the congresses. However, the principle of unpredeterminedness (Rus. непредрешенчество), zealously followed in the political documents of the adherents of old rite, was a major point of disagreement. The position of the Old Believers on the most important political and economic issues was characterised by the pronounced Christian (even chiliastic) tone of their political projects, with its ‘demand for truth, justice, brotherhood, and love’.Статья содержит анализ положений старообрядцев различных согласий по аграрному вопросу с использованием историко-генетического, историко-сопоставительного и историко-типологического методов исторического исследования. Привлечены программные и актовые документы старообрядческих организаций, съездов и совещаний, публицистические материалы, а также их эпистолярное наследие. Старообрядчество в целом предлагало решить земельный вопрос в рамках концепции с элементами либеральной (кадетской) программы. Однако, в отличие от кадетов, предлагавших в 1917 г. передачу земли фонда в бессрочное пользование, старообрядцы (в том числе крестьяне) настаивали на частнособственническом характере крестьянских хозяйств, получивших землю. Небольшая часть крестьян-старообрядцев в отдельных регионах восприняли лозунги эсеров. Но в целом старообрядческая версия решения земельной проблемы имела уникальное сочетание черт. Это во многом объяснялось спецификой демократического и полемического устройства старообрядческого сообщества. Крестьяне-старообрядцы (в массе своей – крепкие хозяева) никогда не отказывали в доверии своим представительным организациям и форумам, в которых принимали активное участие. Сформулированные на съездах и собраниях самими крестьянами точки зрения на земельную проблему действительно учитывались политической верхушкой староверчества и оказывали значительное влияние на резолюции этих съездов. Важнейшие разногласия при этом вызывал принцип непредрешенчества, строго воспроизводившийся в политических документах ревнителей древнего благочестия различных согласий. Позиция старообрядцев по важнейшим политическим и эконо- мическим вопросам революционного времени отличалась тем, что большое значение они придавали христианской и даже хилиастической окраске своих политических проектов, основывавшихся на христианстве с его требованиями правды и справедливости, братства и любви

Old Belief and Constitutional Meeting 1918: Ural in Comparison and with the Center and others Regions of Russia

The article provides a description of the actions of the Old Believers during the elections to the Constituent Assembly. The reasons for their low political activity and the negative results of their work on electing their representatives to the assembly are analyzed. The reasons why he broad masses of peasants of the Old Believers voted for other parties are shown.В статье дается характеристика действий старообрядцев в период выборов в Учредительное собрание. Анализируются причины их малой политической активности и отрицательные результаты их работы по избранию своих представителей в собрание. Показаны причины, почему широкие массы крестьян-старообрядцев проголосовали за другие партии

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