Clash between purse seine and artisanal fishermen at cochin

The introduction of purse seining in Kerala in the traditional grounds has been vehemently opposed by the indigenous fishermen and has, on many occasions, resulted in skirmishes between the two from the very beginning. This articles discusses about the conflict between purse seine and artisanal fishermen and suggestions to minimize this conflicts are specified

Incidence of carcinoma of esophagus in cases of dysphagia undergoing upper GI endoscopy in Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital

BACKGROUND: In India, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was common and it commonly found in males in the age group of >50 years. Dysphagia was the commonest complaint. AIM F THE STUDY: Aim of this study was to determine the presence of carcinoma in patients with complaints of dysphagia, and also to find out common location, histological types and grading. METHOD: A prospective study in patient with complaints of dysphagia who were undergoing upper GI endoscopy in Coimbatore medical college and hospital (department of General surgery) conducted over a period of 12 months from November 2012 to October 2013. Biopsy specimen processed and reported in pathology department and histopathological confirmation done. RESULTS: out of 50 patients of dysphagia who were undergone upper GI endoscopy in Coimbatore medical college Hospital, 16 patients found to be having carcinoma of esophagus Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, seen in 15 (93.75%) out of 16 cases. 1 patients (6.25%) had adenocarcinoma. Most of them (12/16) are with moderately differentiated histological grading of tumor. In our study series, out of 16 cases of carcinoma of esophagus 12 (75%) were male and 4(25%) were females. Carcinoma of esophagus commonly presented in middle one third of esophagus. It was about 9 (56.25) out of 16 cases were found in middle one third. Most common age groups involved were more than 50 years of age. 13(81.25%) out of 16 cases were above 50 years. CONCLUSION: carcinoma of esophagus is the most important cause of dysphagia which should be diagnosed earlier. Males are more commonly affected than females, because of smoking, alcoholism and GERD. Patients with age of more than 50 are found to be affected by carcinoma of esophagus. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common than adenocarcinoma in our study and middle third of esophagus is commonly involved. Regarding histological grading moderately differentiated tumors are common

Clinicopathological Spectrum of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: A Study of 50 cases from Chennai

INTRODUCTION: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome with a characteristic pentad. They are: (1) proteinuria : adult > 3.5g/day; child >40mg / hour per m2, (2) hypoalbuminemia <3.5 g/dl, (3) edema, (4) hypercholesterolemia (5) lipiduria. Nephrotic syndrome is pathognomonic of glomerular disease. Patients may be nephrotic with preserved renal function, but in many circumstances, progressive renal failure will become superimposed when nephrotic syndrome is prolonged. Independent of the risk of progressive renal failure, the nephrotic syndrome has far reaching metabolic effects that can influence the general health of the patient. Fortunately some episodes of nephrotic syndrome are self limiting and a few respond completely to specific treatment. However, for most patients, it is a chronic condition. Not all patients with proteinuria will have all components of nephrotic syndrome; some have a normal serum albumin and no edema. This difference presumably reflects the varied response of protein metabolism. Some patients sustain an increase in albumin synthesis in response to heavy proteinuria that may even normalise serum albumin. There are several causes of nephrotic syndrome and causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults are different from that of childhood. Minimal change disease is the major cause of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, whereas in adults the main causes are membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy and connective tissue disorders. Etiology, clinical pattern, laboratory features vary from one type to another, as also the treatment options and prognosis. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the varied clinical presentation of nephrotic syndrome in adults. 2. To evaluate in detail the biochemical and other laboratory abnormalities in adult patients with nephrotic syndrome. 3. To find out the etiological profile of nephrotic syndrome in adults in our study population. 4. To compare the etiological profile of nephrotic syndrome in our study population with other similar studies, and to assess whether there is change in etiologic pattern in adult nephrotic syndrome in our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Place : Department of Medicine and Department of Nephrology, Government Stanley Hospital. Design : Observational Study. Period : October 2007 to October 2009. Sample size : 50 patients. Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age >18 years of age. 2. Newly admitted patients with clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of nephrotic syndrome. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents. 2. Known patients with nephrotic syndrome admitted with relapses and complications. 3. Patients with diabetic nephropathy, who do not require biopsy. 4. Other causes of volume overload like cardiac and hepatic causes, renal causes other than nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, etc. METHODS: Detailed history was taken from all patients admitted with features suggestive of nephrotic syndrome. This included presenting complaints and history of presenting illness, significant past medical history and history suggestive of complications of nephrotic syndrome. The patients were then examined thoroughly and biochemical investigations were carried out to establish the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. Also, investigations to establish the etiology of nephrotic syndrome were done. After obtaining patients’ consent, renal biopsy was done to find out the etiology and to decide on the therapy. The patients were treated accordingly and were advised to get reviewed periodically. All relevant data, clinical, laboratory and biopsy details were recorded and were analysed at the end of the study. The proforma used for the same is attached. Ethical Committee approval was obtained. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS: Total number of patients – 50. Male – 22, Female – 28. Age group range – 19 to 53 years. Mean age – 31 years. The most common clinical features observed in our study were pedal edema (84%), facial puffiness (94%), abdominal distension (40%). A combination of pedal edema and facial puffiness occurred in 38% of cases, a combination of pedal edema, facial puffiness and abdominal distension occurred in 40% of cases, facial puffiness done in 16% cases and pedal edema alone in 6% cases. Duration of onset of illness to the time of presentation to the hospital ranged from 1 week to 20 weeks. Mean duration of presenting complaints was 6 weeks. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. 50 adult patients with nephrotic syndrome participated in the study. Males constituted 44% and females 56% of cases. 2. The commonest presenting complaint was facial puffiness, which occurred in 94% of cases. Pedal edema occurred in 84% and abdominal distension on 40% of cases. 3. Systemic hypertension was present in 38% of cases. Males constituted 24% of cases and females 14%. Systemic hypertension was present in 50% of cases with histological subtypes, MGN and MPGN and less common in other subtypes. 4. 24 hours urine protein excretion ranged from 3 g to 15 g/ day. The mean value was 6.64 g/day. Proteinuria was severe with histopathological subtype, minimal change disease (mean -9.22 g/day). 5. Hypercholesterolemia was present in 90% of cases. The mean value was 251.2 mg%. 6. Renal failure was present in 14% of cases. Renal failure was present in 27% of cases with FSGS, 25% of MPGN patients and 37% of lupus patients. 7. The commonest histopathological subtype was membranous nephropathy. It occurred in 32% of cases. FSGS was the etiology in 22% of cases, MCD and MPGN in 8% of cases, IgA nephropathy in 16% of cases and lupus nephritis in 14% of cases. 8. In our study, females dominated in all histologic subtypes except in MPGN, where males dominated and in MGN, where both males and females were affected in equal numbers. 9. In patients with FSGS, hypertension was present in 4 cases (36.4%) and renal insufficiency in 3 cases (27.3%). 10. All patients with IgA nephropathy had hematuria on urinalysis. 11. Nephrotic syndrome was primary or idiopathic in 86% of cases and secondary in 14% of cases. Lupus nephritis was the primary etiology in all these cases. 12. All patients with lupus in our study were females. Among these patients with lupus nephritis, one patient had focal nephritis, 4 patients had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) and 2 patients had membranous nephritis

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Fluctuations in the mackerel catches at Cochin

The heavy catches of mackerel were observed during 21st and 28th September. 1982 ,at the Fisheries Harbour, Cochin,by purse-seiners, and since these are quite unprecedented in the recent past, observations made on the biology of the fish and its fishery are presented. The overall size-range of the fish during the month was 153-276 mm and the modal sizes varied between 180 and 250 mm suggesting that the fishery was supported mainly by 1-year and 2-years-old individuals. A majority of fish (58%) were in spent condition followed by immature, spent-recovering and developing individuals. The 92% of the bumper catch of 21st September comprised of spent fish followed by spent-recovering individuals of 2-years-old. Size ranges and dominant modal sizes of mackerel in the purse seine catches during September were compared. The high catch rates, on some these days in September indicates that the mackerel shoals available in the inshore waters were not adequately exploited before the introduction of purse seiners in the area.The comparison of results of the monthly mackerel landings and temperature and salinity values at different centres by various authors reveals that certain optimal levels of temperature and salinity is suitable for the mackerel fishery

VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION TINY CHIP WITH NANOPOWER SENSOR APPLICATIONS

Semiconductor devices have rapidly advanced over the past years increasing switching(on and off) speed and density of the device, causing an increase in power consumption and power dissipation; accordingly, the issues have been considered and improved . In CMOS 0.5μm process, the designed VLSI mirror-amplifier had power dissipation of 8.41 milliwatts. This technique is changed in this paper. The biasing is done in two steps proved to be correct procedure to improve overall power consumption. Source voltage was considered as 3V for the MOSIS process technology. Layout ,simulation and electrical characterization of the design were carried out by MENTOR GRAPHICS tool and CAD tools were used for the design Holding the scaling and process unchanged at 0.5μm as the previous design, the new VLSI design had power dissipation of 4.39 nanowatts in second step by reducing the dynamic loss. Multi-die chip placement is done for fabrication. More advanced 0.35um CMOS process is used for low threshold voltage and enhanced supply voltage range. This paper presents details of the key research works, results, completed chip layout and applications of the chip

Effect of salinity and pH on selected immune functions of the Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)

The Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, was subjected to environmental stresses like high (9) and low (5.5) water pH and decreasing water salinity (34 ‰ to 18 ‰) for a period of one week and certain vital immunological functions like total hemocyte count, total hemolymph protein and phenoloxidase activity were analysed to understand the effect of the environmental stress factors on these functions. The results indicated that while stress induced by change in the salinity had no damaging effects on the immune functions, stress caused by lower water pH induced more immunological damage when compared to higher water pH. Significantly decreased total hemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity were observed in shrimps exposed to lower pH when compared to shrimps exposed to higher pH and control shrimps. Also, lower pH significantly reduced the hemolymph protein values. It is therefore concluded that Fenneropenaeus indicus that are exposed to extreme pH show lowered immunological activity which would render the shrimp susceptible to infectious agents

First-principles calculations of step formation energies and step interactions on TiN(001)

We study the formation energies and repulsive interactions of monatomic steps on the TiN(001) surface, using density functional total-energy calculations. The calculated formation energy of [100] oriented steps agree well with recently reported experimental values; these steps are shown to have a rumpled structure, with the Ti atoms undergoing larger displacements than the N atoms. For steps that are parallel to [110], our calculations predict a nitrogen (N) termination, as the corresponding formation energy is several hundred meV/\AA \ smaller than that of Ti-terminated steps