Drought Impact Is Alleviated in Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris L.) by Foliar Application of Fullerenol Nanoparticles

Over the past few years, significant efforts have been made to decrease the effects of drought stress on plant productivity and quality. We propose that fullerenol nanoparticles (FNPs, molecular formula C-60(OH)(24)) may help alleviate drought stress by serving as an additional intercellular water supply. Specifically, FNPs are able to penetrate plant leaf and root tissues, where they bind water in various cell compartments. This hydroscopic activity suggests that FNPs could be beneficial in plants. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of FNPs on sugar beet plants exposed to drought stress. Our results indicate that intracellular water metabolism can be modified by foliar application of FNPs in drought exposed plants. Drought stress induced a significant increase in the compatible osmolyte proline in both the leaves and roots of control plants, but not in FNP treated plants. These results indicate that FNPs could act as intracellular binders of water, creating an additional water reserve, and enabling adaptation to drought stress. Moreover, analysis of plant antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, APx and GPx), MDA and GSH content indicate that fullerenol foliar application could have some beneficial effect on alleviating oxidative effects of drought stress, depending on the concentration of nanoparticles applied. Although further studies are necessary to elucidate the biochemical impact of FNPs on plants; the present results could directly impact agricultural practice, where available water supplies are often a limiting factor in plant bioproductivity

AN ANALYSIS OF LAW REGULATING VULNERABILITY OF SENSITIVE PERSONAL DATA TO PHISHING IN INDIA

<p>In the era of information technology data privacy is has become sacrosanct to individual privacy. Technology being dual edged sword can be misused to harm internet privacy. Phishing an online offence is similar to and is derived from word fishing in real world where offender sends mails (hook) to victims (bait) who think it is genuine mail and relies on it. </p> <p> </p

ANALYSIS OF LAWS REGULATING BREACH OF CONFIDENCE AFFECTING ONLINE DATA PRIVACY IN INDIA

<p>When data provider provides data collector with personal data and both being in a fiduciary relationship, it is the duty of data collector to keep it confidential and if he wants to disclose it, it should be done with prior consent. Common law has attached immense significance to such consent. The rule remains same in virtual world too and if<br>the same is not honoured it will cause violation of online data privacy.</p> <p> </p

Pairwise variation analysis between NFn and NFn+1 to determine the optimal number of genes for reliable normalization.

<p>Values below the 0.15 threshold mean that <i>n</i> genes might be sufficient.</p

Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays in different morphological forms of dimorphic zygomycetous fungus <i>Benjaminiella poitrasii</i>

<div><p><i>Benjaminiella poitrasii</i>, a dimorphic non-pathogenic zygomycetous fungus, exhibits a morphological yeast (Y) to hypha (H) reversible transition in the vegetative phase, sporangiospores (S) in the asexual phase and zygospores (Z) in the sexual phase. To study the gene expression across these diverse morphological forms, suitable reference genes are required. In the present study, 13 genes <i>viz</i>. <i>ACT</i>, <i>18</i>S r<i>RNA</i>, <i>eEF1α</i>, <i>eEF-Tu</i>,<i>eIF-1A</i>, <i>Tub-α</i>, <i>Tub-b</i>, <i>Ubc</i>, <i>GAPDH</i>, <i>Try</i>, <i>WS-21</i>, <i>NADGDH</i> and <i>NADPGDH</i> were evaluated for their potential as a reference, particularly for studying gene expression during the Y-H reversible transition and also for other asexual and sexual life stages of <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i>. Analysis of RT-qPCR data using geNorm, normFinder and BestKeeper software revealed that genes such as <i>Ubc</i>, <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>WS-21</i> were expressed at constant levels in each given subset of RNA samples from all the morphological phases of <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i>. Therefore, these reference genes can be used to elucidate the role of morpho-genes in <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i>. Further, use of the two most stably expressed genes (<i>Ubc</i> and <i>WS-21</i>) to normalize the expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene (Bp<i>odc</i>) in different morphological forms of <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i>, generated more reliable results, indicating that our selection of reference genes was appropriate.</p></div

Distribution overview of expression of each candidate reference gene in absolute Ct values for RNA samples of different morphological forms in <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i>.

<p>Samples 1, yeast cells grown in YPG (1%) medium for 12 h; Sample 2, yeast cells grown in YPG medium for 24h; Sample 3, yeast cells grown in YPG (0.1%) medium for 12 h; Sample 4, hyphae grown in YP medium for 12 h; Sample 5, hyphae grown in YP medium for 24 h; Sample 6, hyphae grown in YPG(0.1%) for 12 h.; Sample 7, 5 d old sporangiospores; Sample 8, 10 d old sporangiospores; Sample 9, 15 d old sporangiospores; Sample 10, 7 d old zygospores; Sample 11, 15 d old zygospores; Sample 12, 30 d old zygospores.</p

Specificity of primers used for RT-qPCR analysis in <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i>.

<p><b>A)</b> Agarose gel electrophoresis and analysis of amplified products obtained from RT-qPCR. The electrophoresis was done on 2% agarose gel. The names of candidate reference genes are mentioned on top. The figures on left indicate the size of PCR amplicons in base pairs. B) Melting curves indicating single peaks for three representative genes. Arrow indicates the melting curve for the RT-qPCR reaction without template.</p

List of the candidate reference genes evaluated in <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i> and sequences of primers along with optimized annealing temperatures, size of the fragments they amplified and PCR efficiency.

<p>List of the candidate reference genes evaluated in <i>B</i>. <i>poitrasii</i> and sequences of primers along with optimized annealing temperatures, size of the fragments they amplified and PCR efficiency.</p