HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR QUANTITATION OF TRIGONELLINE FROM MIRABILIS JALAPA LINN. LEAVES AND ENHANCEMENT IN EXTRACTION YIELD FROM ULTRA FINE POWDER

Objective: Development and validation of a simple and reliable HPLC method for determination of an alkaloid, trigonelline, in the methanolic extract of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. leaves and comparing the extraction yields of trigonelline from micro powder and ultrafine powder.Methods: The quantitation of trigonelline was carried out on a Phenomenex (Luna 5 U RP C8 (2) column, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d. 5 µm), using mobile phase comprising of distilled water containing HCl (pH adjusted to 3.5) and methanol in the volume ratio of 70:30, which was delivered at the flow rate of 0.5 ml per min, at 35 °C column temperature. The detection and quantitation of trigonelline were carried out using PDA detector at the wavelength λ=264 nm.Ultra-fine powder of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. was prepared using simple stepwise powdering method. The dried leaves of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. were ground using ice jacketed domestic mixer. This powder was sieved through a BSS 85 mesh sieve and considered as a micro powder. Further fine grinding was done by jet milling, followed by ball milling. This powder was considered as an ultra-fine powder.Results: The proposed HPLC method for quantitation of trigonelline from dried leaf powder of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. is rapid, simple, accurate and precise.Conclusion: The amount of trigonelline obtained using methanolic extracts of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Ultra-fine powder and the micro powder was found to be 1.1103 mg/g and 0.7258 mg/g respectively

Effects of yawed inflow on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of ducted wind turbines

Ducted Wind Turbines (DWTs) can be used for energy harvesting in urban areas where non-uniform inflows might be the cause of aerodynamic and acoustic performance degradation. For this reason, an aerodynamic and aero-acoustic analysis of DWTs in yawed inflow condition is performed for two duct geometries: a baseline commercial DWT model, DonQi®, and one with a duct having a higher cross-section camber with respect to the baseline, named DonQi D5. The latter has been obtained from a previous optimization study. A numerical investigation using Lattice-Boltzmann Very-Large-Eddy Simulations is presented. Data confirm that the aerodynamic performance improvement, i.e. increase of the power coefficient, is proportional to the increase of the duct thrust force coefficient. It is found that, placing the DWT at a yaw angle of 7.5 , the aerodynamic performances of the DonQi D5 DWT model are less affected by the yaw angle. On the other hand, this configuration shows an increase of broadband noise with respect to the baseline DonQi® one, both in non-yawed and yawed inflow conditions. This is associated to turbulent boundary layer trailing edge noise due to the turbulent flow structures developing along the surface of the duct

On the Mass Eigenstate Composition of the 8B Neutrinos from the Sun

The present data of gallium experiments provide indirectly the only experimental limit on the fraction of $\nu_2$ mass eigenstate for the $^8$B neutrinos from the Sun. However, if to use the experimental data alone, the fraction of $\nu_2$ and, consequently, $sin^2\theta_{sol}$ still is allowed to be varied within a rather broad range. The further experimental efforts are needed to clear this point.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, 1 table. Corrected version, published in JCAP04(2007)00

Neutrino oscillations with disentanglement of a neutrino from its partners

We bring attention to the fact that in order to understand existing data on neutrino oscillations, and to design future experiments, it is imperative to appreciate the role of quantum entanglement. Once this is accounted for, the resulting energy-momentum conserving phenomenology requires a single new parameter related to disentanglement of a neutrino from its partners. This parameter may not be CP symmetric. We illustrate the new ideas, with potentially measurable effects, in the context of a novel experiment recently proposed by Gavrin, Gorbachev, Veretenkin, and Cleveland. The strongest impact of our ideas is on the resolution of various anomalies in neutrino oscillations and on neutrino propagation in astrophysical environments.Comment: 6 page

Hadron energy response of the Iron Calorimeter detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory

The results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of the hadron energy response for the magnetized Iron CALorimeter detector, ICAL, proposed to be located at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is presented. Using a GEANT4 modeling of the detector ICAL, interactions of atmospheric neutrinos with target nuclei are simulated. The detector response to hadrons propagating through it is investigated using the hadron hit multiplicity in the active detector elements. The detector response to charged pions of fixed energy is studied first, followed by the average response to the hadrons produced in atmospheric neutrino interactions using events simulated with the NUANCE event generator. The shape of the hit distribution is observed to fit the Vavilov distribution, which reduces to a Gaussian at high energies. In terms of the parameters of this distribution, we present the hadron energy resolution as a function of hadron energy, and the calibration of hadron energy as a function of the hit multiplicity. The energy resolution for hadrons is found to be in the range 85% (for 1GeV) -- 36% (for 15 GeV).Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures (24 eps files

Solving Solar Neutrino Puzzle via LMA MSW Conversion

We analyze the existing solar neutrino experiment data and show the allowed regions. The result from SNO's salt phase itself restricts quite a lot the allowed region's area. Reactor neutrinos play an important role in determining oscillation parameters. KamLAND gives decisive conclusion on the solution to the solar neutrino puzzle, in particular, the spectral distortion in the 766.3 Ty KamLAND data gives another new improvement in the constraint of solar MSW-LMA solutions. We confirm that at 99.73% C.L. the high-LMA solution is excluded.Comment: 6 eps figure

Pair Production of Fourth Family Charged Sleptons at e+e−e^{+}e^{-} Colliders

We study the pair production of $\tilde{l}_{4}$, which is the supersymmetric partner of the fourth family charged lepton, at the $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders. It is shown that the investigation of this process at ILC/CLIC will give opportunity to differentiate the MSSM with three and four families.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Supernova 1987A did not test the neutrino mass hierarchy

We dispel the misconception that data from SN 1987A favor the normal neutrino mass hierarchy over the inverted hierarchy for \sin^2 \theta_{13} \gsim 10^{-4}. We find comparable fits for the two hierarchies. No bound can be placed on the mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ even at the 1$\sigma$ level.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure