Stainless steel weld metal designed to mitigate residual stresses

There have been considerable efforts to create welding consumables which on solid state phase transformation partly compensate for the stresses which develop when a constrained weld cools to ambient temperatures. All of these efforts have focused on structural steels which are ferritic. In the present work, alloy design methods have been used to create a stainless steel welding consumable which solidifies as δ ferrite, transforms almost entirely into austenite which then undergoes martensitic transformation at a low temperature of about 220◦C. At the same time, the carbon concentration has been kept to a minimum to avoid phenomena such as sensitisation. The measured mechanical properties, especially toughness, seem to be significantly better than commercially available martensitic stainless steel welding consumables, and it has been demonstrated that the use of the new alloy reduces distortion in the final joint

Modello di ricostruzione della continuit\ue0 digestiva dopo gastrectomia totale.

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A New Technique for Digestive Recostruction after Total Gastrectomy.

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Strategie chirurgiche nel trattamento del carcinoma del pancreas.

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Vater's papilla and periampullary area villous adenoma: personal experience about nine cases and review of the literature

Villous tumor of the duodenum is a rare disease. The authors report their personal experience from 1987 to 1993 with nine cases of duodenal villous tumors. The treatment was pancreatoduodenectomy in four cases, segmental resection of the duodenum in two cases and submucosal excision in three cases. The authors review the literature of the last 15 years in which only 241 cases of duodenal villous tumors are reported; in this review the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of the disease are analyzed. This malignancy presents peculiar characteristics for histologic diagnosis and pathology classification. For this reason, even surgical treatment deserves careful reflection to guarantee a curative procedure and to formulate a positive prognosis

Imaging of the Internal Anal Sphincter: Study of Healthy Subject: Review Article

Introduction: The internal anal sphincter is a smooth muscle that works with other muscles to control defecation. The identification of morphological changes, defects or the precise definition of the level of tumor infiltration of muscle have significant importance in clinical practice. For these reasons the evaluation of shape and volume of muscle in healthy subjects has been studied for many years. The main used imaging techniques are the anal endosonografy, the endoanal coil magnetic resonance imaging and the phase-array coil magnetic resonance. The small size of muscle, the high irregularity in shape, the variability associated with factors such as age and sex, the use of different imaging techniques, including non-invasive ones, and the lack of a standardized method of measurement, can make difficult the correct comparison of the results. In this chapter we will discuss the results reported in the literature concerning the evaluation of muscle in healthy subjects and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods adopted. Normal IAS Variations: Age-related variations:the thickening of the muscle associated to aging is particularly noticeable when the measurements is performed with the EAU and MR with endoanal coil. Sex-related variations: The characterization of the shape of the muscle in relation to sex appears to be controversial with all methods. The only common result is the greater length of the anterior quadrant in males when measured with the EAU. Variations related to other factors: In a study of nulliparous women with the EAU, it is reported a positive correlation between the thickness, measured in the mid anal canal, and BMI. By contrast, in a similar study carried out with MRI without the introduction of endoanal coil the average thickness of the muscle does not appear to be correlated with BMI. The thickness of the IAS in relation to height appears to increase with both methods of MR. Conclusion: The MRI allows a better visualization of the entirety of the pelvic perineal floor compared to EAU, which is extremely effective in imaging the IAS. Even the lower cost and facility and speed of EAU are the basis of most of the research with anal endosonografy. Normal range have been specifically formulated in only a few works for thickness and length. We believe that new studies and a process of standardization of methods of measurement could provide significant advances in the study of muscle either in a state of normality or pathology