C-reactive protein a better indicator of inflammation after third molar extraction

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation between pre-operative pain and pre-operative levels of C-reactive and post-operative pain and swelling in impacted third molar surgery.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study subjects were patients indicated for mandibular third molar extraction. Patients were assessed for certain inclusion and exclusion criteria’s. A standard surgical extraction procedure was followed to reduce the bias. Hematological investigation of C-reactive protein levels were recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively. Pain, swelling and trismus in patients were assessed pre-operatively and post-operatively in an interval of 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days. Pain and swelling were measured using verbal analogue scale and thread length measurement respectively. The mouth opening was recorded, too.Results: Post-operative C-reactive protein levels were seen consistency raised in those cases which showed high pre-operative levels. Peak levels of C-reactive protein were seen at 48 hours post operatively. It was observed that preoperative pain swelling and mouth opening were seen to be variable in all the cases having high C-reactive protein levels.Conclusion: C-reactive protein was found to be a better indicator of inflammation than pre-operative pain, swelling and mouth opening for post-operative discomfort.Key words: C-reactive protein, inflammation, third molar extraction

Atmospheric Reentry Dispersion Correction Ascent Phase Guidance for a Generic Reentry Vehicle

Launch vehicle explicit guidance mechanism depends on the estimation of the desired burnout conditions and driving the vehicle to achieve these conditions. The accuracy of the vehicle at the target point depends on how tightly these conditions are achieved and what is the strategy used to define the trajectory. It has been observed inthe literature that most of the guidance mechanisms during reentry use vacuum guidance equations that is durin greentry the atmospheric effects are not considered. In order to achieve minimum miss distance at the target point theat mospheric effects are to be considered during the guided phase and appropriate corrections should be executed,otherwise depending on the reentry flight path angle and ballistic coefficient the errors can be as high as tens of nautical miles. In this paper, the authors develop a novel approach to these vacuum guided launch vehicle problems.The paper elaborates how to calculate a prior the reentry dispersion during the ascent phase guidance and provide guidance corrections such that the terminal conditions are achieved with higher accuracy.Defence Science Journal, 2013, 63(3), pp.233-241, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.373

Real Time Mid-course Maneuver and Guidance of a Generic Reentry Vehicle

The aim of any mission is to accomplish the final objective with desired accuracy and the same is valid for a generic launch vehicle. In many missions it is necessary to execute mid-course maneuvers with an intentional diversion trajectory to create a counter measure or to avoid certain specific known geographical locations. The current work elaborates a novel and practically implementable mid-course maneuver and an ascent phase guidance of a reentry vehicle executing an in-flight determined mid-course maneuver (trajectory reshaping) without compromising the accuracy of the final achieved target position. The robustness of the algorithm is validated with 6DoF simulation results by considering the dispersion of the burnout state vector conditions which arises due to variations in thrust profile, aerodynamics characteristics of the vehicle, atmosphere, etc.Defence Science Journal, 2013, 63(4), pp.346-354, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.420

To find the association between intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate level and labour outcome

INTRODUCTION: The most important cause for operative delivery in the obstetric practice is when the patient is in labor mainly dysfunctional labor. The major cause for perinatal mortality and morbidity is the birth asphyxia secondary to abnormalities during the labor. many trails have been done since many years in the past for detection of the abnormalities in labor, so that early intervention will reduce the adverse perinatal outcome. The introduction of the terminology abnormal labor or dysfunctional labor dates back to the time of Friedman, when he introduced the use of Partogram in active labor. Many modifications are being done till date, while the first partogram was based on the cervical dilatation against the descent of the fetal presenting part. The modern partogram has got many components like fetal heart rate, maternal contractions, usage of drugs, intravenous fluids, color of the liquor, presence of moulding and caput, maternal pulse, blood pressure, temperature and urine output. The most important part being the alert line and the action line, the alert line is drawn from the starting of active phase of labor i,e from 3 to 4 cm dilatation upto 10 cm and an action line is drawn 4 hours after the alert line, x axis will plot time and y axis shows the cervical dilatation and descent of the presenting part. Any measurements which crosses the action line indicates prolonged labor which demands for active intervention. However the use of partogram alone for assessing the dysfunctionl labor was not sufficient. Many labors which was shown as abnormal had normal parturition without any adverse perinatal outcome, so there is a need for supplementary test for early prediction of adverse labor outcome. So trials and research are being carried out in this direction. AIM OF THE STUDY: To find the association between intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate level and labour outcome. OBJECTIVES: 1. To find the association between intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate level and labour outcome. 2. Mode of delivery. 3. Need of instrumentation / LSCS. 4. Apgar score at birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore from September 2012 to September 2013. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. STUDY POPULATION: Study group consisted of low risk pregnant women at term admitted to PSG Hospitals who entered into active labour either by spontaneous/ induced SELECTION CRITERIA: 1. Women in active labour without any obstetrical complications. 2. Vertex, Breech presentation. 3. Term, Postdated pregnancy. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. < 37 Weeks not in active labour 2. Obstetrical complication 3. Biohazard 4. Multiple gestation 5. Absent/Ruptured Membranes METHODOLOGY: Women in active labour without any obstetrical complications are selected who may be either a Term/Postdated. This a Prospective study involving all low risk antenatal patients who entered into active labour were selected for the study. Basic assessment for risk factors is done in antenatal patients with spontaneous onset of labour and induced labour and if the patient comes under uncomplicated term and post dated gestation, she is included in the study. Women were included in the study group if their gestational age was atleast 37 weeks at admission to labour, who carried a singleton pregnancy either a vertex or breech presentation who were without any other obstetrical or medical complications. Both spontaneous and induced labour were chosen. CONCLUSION: 1. The uterine myometrium has an increased propensity for anaerobic metabolism when compared with other types of mucles. 2. The myometrial capillary blood lactate increases in women following prolonged labour. 3. The amniotic fluid lactate is 4-6 times higher when compared with fetal and maternal blood, which occurs mainly during dysfunctional labour. 4. The traditional partogram is a good tool used for diagnosing dysfunctional labour. The combination of intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate levels along with WHO partogram could be used as a better tool in diagnosing dysfunctional labour. 5. According to our study, the intra partum amniotic fluid lactate levels had a good negative predictive value when it was compared with the duration of labour. 6. Of the patients whose duration of labor were 8-<20 hours, 88% had amniotic fluid lactate levels < 10. In lactate levels 5-<8 – 9.1% had apgar < 7. In lactate levels 8-<10 - 15.6 % had apgar score < 7. But in lactate levels > 10- 35.7 % had low apgar score <7. 7. Amniotic fluid lactate levels had better correlation with duration of labour and apgar score. 8. The lower the amniotic fluid lactate levels, the better is the apgar score. 9. Better correlation could have been observed if amniotic fluid lactate levels were seen every 3-4 hours during active labor. However this was not possible due to practical difficulty in collection of sample. 10. Lactate analysis is a simpler, easier method of analyzing the labour outcome and the results of this test can be obtained very fast since its analyzed with auto analyzer. 11. The laboratory results are also standard since its done with the auto analyzer. 12. The intrapartum amniotic fluid lactate levels can be correlated with umbilical cord blood lactate and fetal scalp blood lactate for further analysis

Preparations for future great earthquakes seen in levelling observations along two lines across the outer Himalaya

An important set of levelling observations across Central Nepal have been reported in the literature recently. We infer from these observations that recoverable elastic strains are accumulating in the upper crust of the region and will lead to a great earthquake in course of time. Limited levelling data from the Dehradun region in northwestern Himalaya show remarkable similarities to the Nepalese data and require a similar interpretation regarding preparation for the next great earthquake in the region

Spray deposited copper zinc tin sulphide (Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSnS<inf>4</inf>) film as a counter electrode in dye sensitized solar cells

Stoichiometric thin films of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) were deposited by the spray technique on a FTO coated glass substrate, with post-annealing in a H2S environment to improve the film properties. CZTS films were used as a counter electrode (CE) in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSCs) with N719 dye and an iodine electrolyte. The DSC of 0.25 cm2 area using a CE of CZTS film annealed in a H2S environment under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm-2) exhibited a short circuit current density (JSC) = 18.63 mA cm-2, an open circuit voltage (VOC) = 0.65 V and a fill factor (FF) = 0.53, resulting in an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 6.4%. While the DSC using as deposited CZTS film as a CE showed the PCE = 3.7% with JSC = 13.38 mA cm-2, VOC = 0.57 V and FF = 0.48. Thus, the spray deposited CZTS films can play an important role as a CE in the large area DSC fabrication. © the Partner Organisations 2014

Effect of vam fungi and applied phosphorus through stcr precision model on growth, yield and nutrient dynamics in maize in acid alfisol

The Inoculation of three VAM cultures viz. local culture (Glomus mosseae), VAM culture from IARI, New Delhi (Glomus mosseae) and a culture from The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi (Glomus Intraradices) alone or with increasing applied phosphorus levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2OS based on soil test crop response (STCR) precision model improved the plant height, shoot and root dry matter accumulation, root length and root weight density as well as yield attributes of ralnfed maize in an acid alflsol of NW Himalayas. It was revealed that sole application of any of 3 VAM fungi did not have pronounced effect on phenologlcal stages though combined application of VAM cultures with increasing P levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 reduced the days to various phenologlcal stages, it was reported that sole application of these 3 VAM cultures improved the maize grain yield by 17.10 to 25.36% over control. Increase in P levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 besides VAM inoculation resulted in consistent and significant Improvement In grain, stover and biological yield of maize. 75% of recommended P2O5 alongwith VAM cultures achieved the goal of targeted yield (40 q ha"1) of maize, thus, saving the applied P to the tune of about 25% without Impairing the soil fertility in the present stud

Effect of vam fungi and applied phosphorus through stcr precision model on growth, yield and nutrient dynamics in maize in an acid alfisoil

The inoculation of three VAM cultures viz. local culture (Glomus mosseae), VAM culture from IARI, New Delhi (Glomus mosseae) and a culture from The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi (Glomus intraradices) alone or with increasing applied phosphorus levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 based on soil test crop response (STCR) precision model improved the plant height, shoot and root dry matter accumulation, root length and root weight density as well as yield attributes of rainfed maize in an acid alfisol of NW Himalayas. It was revealed that sole application of any of 3 VAM fungi did not have pronounced effect on phenological stages though combined application of VAM cultures with increasing P levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 reduced the days to various phenological stages. It was reported that sole application of these 3 VAM cultures improved the maize grain yield by 17.10 to 25.36% over control. Increase in P levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 besides VAM inoculation resulted in consistent and significant improvement in grain, stover and biological yield of maize. 75% of recommended P2O5 alongwith VAM cultures achieved the goal of targeted yield (40 q ha−1) of maize, thus, saving the applied P to the tune of about 25% without impairing the soil fertility in the present stud

Effect Of Plant Growth-Promoting Streptomyces Sp. On Plant Growth And Yield Of Tomato And Chilli

The family Solanaceae contains many vegetable species having great economic importance in agriculture. Tomato and chilli are the two most important vegetable crops in this family that are rich in essential nutrient and antioxidants . Plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are widely reported to have beneficial effect on crop plants as they colonize on roots and accelerate plant growth by many ways. Ten strains of Streptomyces sp. viz. CAI-17, CAI-24, CAI-26, CAI-78, CAI-121,CAI-127, KAI-26, KAI-27, KAI-32 and MMA-32 were reported earlier by ICRISAT microbiologist group, to have plant growthpromoting (PGP) potential in rice, sorghum and chickpea; biocontrol potential against charcoal rot in sorghum and Fusarium wilt in chickpea. In the present investigation, the above ten strains were further evaluated for their PGP effect on growth and yield of tomato and chilli under field conditions. All the tested strains significantly enhanced growth parameters including plant height, number of branches and yield over the un-inoculated control. Among the ten strains, CAI-17, CAI-24 and KAI-32 were found to significantly enhance the yield of tomato while CAI-24, CAI-26 and KAI-32 strains significantly enhanced the yield of chilli over the un-inoculated control. Consortia of all ten strains also significantly enhanced the yield of chilli but not tomato. It is concluded that the selected strains of Streptomyces can be exploited for the growth promotion of tomato and chilli