Statistics of the dissipated energy in driven single-electron transitions

We analyze the distribution of heat generated in driven single-electron transitions and discuss the related non-equilibrium work theorems. In the adiabatic limit, the heat distribution is shown to become Gaussian, with the heat noise that, in spite of thermal fluctuations, vanishes together with the average dissipated energy. We show that the transitions satisfy Jarzynski equality for arbitrary drive and calculate the probability of the negative heat values. We also derive a general condition on the heat distribution that generalizes the Bochkov-Kuzovlev equality and connects it to the Jarzynski equality.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Comment on ``Conduction states in oxide perovskites: Three manifestations of Ti3+^{3 +} Jahn-Teller polarons in barium titanate''

In this comment to [S. Lenjer, O. F. Schirmer, H. Hesse, and Th. W. Kool, Phys. Rev. B {\bf 66}, 165106 (2002)] we discuss the electronic structure of oxygen vacancies in perovskites. First principles computations are in favour of rather deep levels in these vacancies, and Lenjer et al suggest that the electrons' interaction energy is negative, but data on electroconductivity are against.Comment: 2 pages, no figure

Large deviations in boundary-driven systems: Numerical evaluation and effective large-scale behavior

We study rare events in systems of diffusive fields driven out of equilibrium by the boundaries. We present a numerical technique and use it to calculate the probabilities of rare events in one and two dimensions. Using this technique, we show that the probability density of a slowly varying configuration can be captured with a small number of long wave-length modes. For a configuration which varies rapidly in space this description can be complemented by a local equilibrium assumption

Non differentiable large-deviation functionals in boundary-driven diffusive systems

We study the probability of arbitrary density profiles in conserving diffusive fields which are driven by the boundaries. We demonstrate the existence of singularities in the large-deviation functional, the direct analog of the free-energy in non-equilibrium systems. These singularities are unique to non-equilibrium systems and are a direct consequence of the breaking of time-reversal symmetry. This is demonstrated in an exactly-solvable model and also in numerical simulations on a boundary-driven Ising model. We argue that this singular behavior is expected to occur in models where the compressibility has a deep enough minimum. The mechanism is explained using a simple model.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Scythian motifs in Russian literature of the first decade of the twentieth century

В статье анализируются произведений русских писателей начала ХХ века (В. Я. Брюсова, И. А. Бунина и А. М. Ремизова) так или иначе посвященных скифской теме.The article analyzes works of Russian writers of the beginning of the 20th century (V. Y. Bryusov, I. A. Bunin and A. M. Remizov) in one way or another devoted to the Scythian theme

Direct Observation of a Fractional Charge

We performed measurements of Quantum Shot Noise in order to determine the quasiparticle charge in the Fractional Quantum Hall regime. The noise is generated by a current flow through a partially transmitting Quantum Point Contact in a 2DEG. The noise is directly proportional to the charge of the quasiparticles, thus allowing direct determination of the charge. We measured Quantum Shot Noise at a filling factor of 1/3 and found that the charge is e/3; as predicted by Laughlin.Comment: 3 pages, PostScript, 4 figures. Submitted to Natur

Model predictive control and dynamic operability studies in a stirred tank: rapid temperature cycling for crystallization

A stirred-tank reactor was built with the objective of rapid and accurate temperature control in the reaction vessel. A first-principles heat transfer model was developed for the jacketed batch system, with the jacket inlet temperature used to control the vessel temperature. A model predictive controller was implemented to follow a rapidly changing temperature profile that cycled between steep heating and cooling motifs, and was tested experimentally at progressively shorter temperature cycles. For a water-solvent-water-jacket system, a cycle consisting of increasing and decreasing the temperature by 15°C over a period of 20 minutes was achieved in practice. The performance of the MPC controller was explained by calculating the dynamic operability characteristics of the process

Organ–preserving operations for the gun–shot thoraco–abdominal and abdominal woundings with splenic injuries

Objective.To determine the expediency of the spleen–preserving operations performance for its injury due to gun–shot thoraco–abdominal and abdominal woundings. Materials and methods. Of 51wounded persons with the gun–shot penetrating abdominal woundings with splenic injuries 8 (15.7%) were operated on the II level of the medical help delivery, while on the ІІІ level – 43 (84.3%). Of 43 wounded persons, operated on the ІІІ level of the medical help delivery, in 35 (81.4%) splenectomy was performed, while in 8 (18.6%) – the organ–preserving operations. All the splenic injuries have been characterized as a shrapnel woundings. The splenic damage degree was estimated in accordance to Moore, taking into account its structure. In 5 (62.5%) wounded persons the open laparotomy organ–preserving operations were performed, and while using video–laparoscopic system– in 3 (37.5%). Results. Ultrasonographic investigation in accordance to the FAST–protocol was done in all the wounded persons, what have permitted to determine the blood abdominal outpouring volume as well as the splenic injury presence. The affection volume and further tactics were determined using video–laparoscopy. The Stage I splenic affection in accordance to Moore was diagnosed in 4 (50%) wounded persons, the Stage ІІ – in 3 (37.5%), and the Stage ІІІ – in 1 (12.5%). In all the patients, in whom organ–preserving interventions were performed, the surgical help volume consisted of coagulation, using the radiofrequency therapy apparatus MEDTRONICAEX and the hemostatic sponge application with drainage of the left subdiaphragmatic space, using silicone tube. Conclusion. Organ–preserving operations in splenic injury are expedient to be performed on ІІІ level of the medical help delivery, while presence of local conditions, such as the organ injury degrees І and ІІ,determined in accordance to Moore, as well as adequate time and equipment

Формирование единого информационного пространства отрасли: проблемы и решения (на примере агропромышленного комплекса)

The problems of building up the single information space and industryspecific digital knowledge space are examined. The normative acts regulating and defining the creation of the unified information space of Russia, including the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030 and the RF Presidential Decree “On the approval of the Foundations of State Policy in the strategic planning in the Russian Federation”, are discussed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the current state of the process of shaping the unified information knowledge space (UIKS) of the agroindustrial complex. To form the unified information space of the industry, it is necessary to develop and adopt regulatory documents at the industry level, unified methodological approaches, software and linguistic tools, data presentation format; to design the scheme of interaction between system participants. There are 216 research institutions (RI) operating in the agricultural industry, i. e. 181 research institutes (SRI), 35 experimental stations and 57 higher educational institutions (HEI). In 2012 by the decision of the Russian Agricultural Academy, the centralized electronic library system was created, the cornerstone of which is the Union Catalog. The joint software, linguistic tools, data presentation format, and methodological foundations also exist. However, the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences has changed the situation, some research institutes have ceased implementing the decisions of the Russian Agricultural Academy. The formation of the UIKS of the Agro-Industrial Complex requires the relevant regulations approved by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the willingness of the research institutions’ executives.Рассмотрены проблемы, связанные с созданием единого информационного пространства России и отраслевого цифрового пространства знаний. Представлены нормативные акты, регламентирующие и определяющие деятельность в этой сфере, в том числе «Стратегия развития информационного общества в Российской Федерации на 2017–2030 гг.» и указ Президента Российской Федерации «Об утверждении Основ государственной политики в сфере стратегического планирования в Российской Федерации». Цель исследования – анализ современного состояния процесса формирования единого информационного пространства знаний (ЕИПЗ) агропромышленного комплекса (АПК). Для формирования ЕИПЗ АПК необходимы: разработка и принятие нормативных документов на уровне отрасли, единые методические подходы, программные и лингвистические средства, формат представления данных, разработка схемы взаимодействия участников систем. В отрасли работают 216 научно-исследовательских учреждений (НИУ): 181 научно-исследовательский институт (НИИ), 35 опытных станций и 57 вузов. В 2012 г. по решению Российской академии сельскохозяйственных наук (Россельхозакадемии) создана централизованная электронная библиотечная система, краеугольным камнем которой является Сводный каталог библиотек. Существуют единые программные, лингвистические средства, формат представления данных, методическая основа. Однако реформа РАН изменила ситуацию, некоторые НИУ перестали выполнять решения Россельхозакадемии. Для формирования ЕИПЗ АПК требуются соответствующие нормативные акты, принятые Минобрнауки и Минсельхозом России, а также желание руководителей НИУ

Мониторинг библиотечно-информационных услуг ЦНСХБ

The findings of monitoring of repertoire of and demand for library and information services (document, reference, bibliographic awareness, cultural and educational services) are discussed. The mentioned services are available through the CSAL website. The types and forms of services are analyzed, their place and demand for them are discussed. The focus is made on the online services providing access of in-house information resources, e. g. e-libraries, e-catalogs, virtual exhibitions, etc. The terminological analysis of services titles as compared to the new national standard of library information services was executed. It was revealed that the services titles meet the standardized terms and definitions. The degrees of demand for difference services are estimated as active, fluctuating and decreasing. To improve library and bibliographic services and information support of science for agro-industrial complex, the authors recommend: to study products and services of unstable and decreasing demand, to load explicit list of services in the Information Services section, to design scientist personal accounts, to make it possible for the users to take part in selecting documents for digitization and to receive e-newsletter on new library acquisitions, etc. The authors conclude that CSAL provide the wide range of library information services which is essential to increase accessibility and friendliness of Library-generated information products, to improve information support of research in agricultural industries. The findings will be used in planning user library and information services. It is imperative that user services are monitored and user demands are analyzed.Представлены результаты мониторинга ассортимента и востребованности библиотечно-информационных услуг (документные, справочные, библиографического информирования, культурно-просветительские, обучающие), презентуемых ЦНСХБ на своём сайте. Проанализированы виды, формы и условия предоставления услуг, их востребованность. Особое внимание уделено дистанционным услугам доступа к информационным ресурсам собственной генерации – электронным библиотекам, электронным каталогам, виртуальным выставкам и др. Проведён терминологический анализ названий услуг относительно нового действующего национального стандарта по библиотечно-информационному обслуживанию. Установлено, что названия услуг соответствуют стандартизованным терминам и определениям. Анализ востребованности выявил услуги, пользующиеся разным спросом: активным, колеблющимся, снижающимся. Для повышения качества библиотечно-библиографического обслуживания и информационного обеспечения научных исследований в области агропромышленного комплекса рекомендуется: провести дополнительное изучение продуктов и услуг, характеризующихся нестабильным и снижающимся спросом, разместить исчерпывающий перечень услуг в разделе «Информационные услуги», создать личный кабинет учёного, предоставить пользователю возможность участвовать в отборе документов для оцифровки из фонда библиотеки, получать e-mail-рассылку о новых поступлениях изданий в библиотеку и др. Сделан вывод, что ЦНСХБ предоставляет широкий спектр библиотечно-информационных услуг, которые необходимы для успешной реализации процесса обслуживания, способствуют повышению доступности генерируемых библиотекой информационных продуктов и комфортности их использования, а также повышению качества информационного обеспечения научных исследований по проблемам агропромышленного комплекса.Результаты мониторинга будут использованы при планировании деятельности библиотеки по развитию библиотечно-информационного обслуживания пользователей