Электролизер мечты: 1’000’000 ампер

The aluminum industry is constantly looking at reducing the production cost. During the last three decades it has mainly been achieved by the economy of scale consisting in increasing the cell dimensions allowing for higher current and therefore increasing the plant production and productivity. This paper presents under which conditions a step change can be achieved without increasing the shell dimensions. The design of a cell of the future is discussed in term of voltage distribution, heat loss, energy saving, productivity and environmental consequencesАлюминиевая промышленность постоянно изыскивает способы снижения производственных затрат. За последние три десятилетия это было достигнуто за счет экономии масштабов, при этом размеры электролизера были увеличены, что позволило применять более высокую силу тока для увеличения объемов производства и производительности. В статье обсуждается вопрос, при каких условиях можно достичь качественного изменения без увеличения размеров кожуха. Обсуждается конструкция электролизера будущего с точки зрения распределения напряжения, тепловых потерь, экономии энергии, производительности и экологических последстви

Электролизер мечты: 1’000’000 ампер

The aluminum industry is constantly looking at reducing the production cost. During the last three decades it has mainly been achieved by the economy of scale consisting in increasing the cell dimensions allowing for higher current and therefore increasing the plant production and productivity. This paper presents under which conditions a step change can be achieved without increasing the shell dimensions. The design of a cell of the future is discussed in term of voltage distribution, heat loss, energy saving, productivity and environmental consequencesАлюминиевая промышленность постоянно изыскивает способы снижения производственных затрат. За последние три десятилетия это было достигнуто за счет экономии масштабов, при этом размеры электролизера были увеличены, что позволило применять более высокую силу тока для увеличения объемов производства и производительности. В статье обсуждается вопрос, при каких условиях можно достичь качественного изменения без увеличения размеров кожуха. Обсуждается конструкция электролизера будущего с точки зрения распределения напряжения, тепловых потерь, экономии энергии, производительности и экологических последстви

Thelytoky in Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with notes on its distribution and first record of the male sex

The Trigonalyidae, which have previously been thought to reproduce arrhenotokously like most parasitic Hymenoptera, are added to the list of families from which thelytoky (true parthenogenesis) is recorded. This has been inferred for Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek on the basis of a male:female sex ratio in the field ranging from about 1:250 to 0:1500. The rare male of this species is described for the first time, and the known distribution of the species extended to include South Australia. The host range of T. venatoria, which parasitises widely dispersing pergid sawfly larvae, is proposed as a possible reason for its thelytokous mode of reproduction

Arctic sea-ice decline weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

The ongoing decline of Arctic sea ice exposes the ocean to anomalous surface heat and freshwater fluxes, resulting in positive buoyancy anomalies that can affect ocean circulation. In this study, we use an optimal flux perturbation framework and comprehensive climate model simulations to estimate the sensitivity of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to such buoyancy forcing over the Arctic and globally, and more generally to sea-ice decline. It is found that on decadal timescales, flux anomalies over the subpolar North Atlantic have the largest impact on the AMOC, while on multi-decadal timescales (longer than 20 years), flux anomalies in the Arctic become more important. These positive buoyancy anomalies spread to the North Atlantic, weakening the AMOC and its poleward heat transport. Therefore, the Arctic sea-ice decline may explain the suggested slow-down of the AMOC and the ‘Warming Hole’ persisting in the subpolar North Atlantic