Relationship between the resting parasympathetic vagal tone and the evening salivary cortisol in controls, Crohn’s disease (CD) and Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.

<p>A balance was observed between the parasympathetic tone and the evening salivary cortisol in healthy subjects (control group) but not in CD and IBS patients. Data are expressed as mean ± sem. Comparisons are made between the high and low parasympathetic level subgroups using permutations test.</p

Socio-demographic and psycho-immunologic data of the healthy control subjects, Crohn’s disease (CD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients who participated to the study.

<p>Socio-demographic and psycho-immunologic data of the healthy control subjects, Crohn’s disease (CD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients who participated to the study.</p

Specific inverse relationship between the resting parasympathetic vagal tone and epinephrine plasma level in IBS patients.

<p>IBS patients with low parasympathetic vagal tone exhibit a higher level of plasma epinephrine at rest than those with high parasympathetic vagal tone. This inverse relationship was not observed in controls or CD patients. Data are expressed as mean ± sem. Comparisons are made between the high and low parasympathetic level subgroups using permutations test.</p

The experimental design.

<p>The experimental design.</p

Data representing the sub-group categorization based on HFnu-HRV K-mean classification.

<p>Data are expressed as mean ± sem. Comparisons are made between low and high parasympathetic level using permutations test.</p><p>*p<0.05;</p><p>**p<0.01;</p><p>***p<0.001.</p><p>Data representing the sub-group categorization based on HFnu-HRV K-mean classification.</p

Influence of the vagal tone on the plasma levels of the morning salivary and plasma cortisol, IL-6, norepinephrine concentrations, state-anxiety and depressive symptomatology scores in Controls, Crohn’s disease (CD) and Irritable Bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.

<p>Data are expressed as mean ± sem. Comparisons are made between low and high parasympathetic level using permutations test.</p><p>Influence of the vagal tone on the plasma levels of the morning salivary and plasma cortisol, IL-6, norepinephrine concentrations, state-anxiety and depressive symptomatology scores in Controls, Crohn’s disease (CD) and Irritable Bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.</p

DYRK1A protein expression in liver of CBS-deficient mice crossbred with 152F7 transgenic mice.

<p>(A) Western immunoblots showing DYRK1A expression in liver of wild type mice (<i>Cbs</i>^+/+ Tg -), heterozygous mice (<i>Cbs</i>^+/− Tg -), 152F7 transgenic mice (<i>Cbs</i>^+/+ Tg 152F7), and heterozygous mice crossbred with 152F7 transgenic mice (<i>Cbs</i>^+/− Tg 152F7). Proteins were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies specific to DYRK1A (85.5 kDa). After stripping, the membranes were reprobed with anti-β-actin antibody (41.7 kDa) for the control. (B) Relative protein expression was determined by normalization of the density of images from DYRK1A with that of β-actin of the same blot. The values of <i>Cbs</i>^+/− Tg -, <i>Cbs</i>^+/+ Tg 152F7, or <i>Cbs</i>^+/− Tg 152F7 were normalized to the mean of <i>Cbs</i>^+/+ Tg - mice. The blots are representative of three independent experiments. Data correspond to means ± SEM and the statistical analysis was done with one-way ANOVA followed by Student's unpaired <i>t</i>-tests. n = number of mice.</p

Effects of harmine on hepatic SAHH and NQO1 activities, and on plasma Hcy levels in Tg 189N3 mice.

<p>Hepatic SAHH (A) and NQO1 (B) activities are presented as percent of untreated (Vehicle) non-transgenic (Tg –) mice activities. (C) Plasma Hcy level. Data correspond to means ± SEM and the statistical analysis was done with one-way ANOVA followed by Student's unpaired <i>t</i>-test. n = number of mice.</p

Hepatic SAHH activity is increased in Tg 189N3 and Ts65Dn transgenic mice.

<p>SAHH activity in (A) Tg 189N3 and (B) Ts65Dn transgenic mice. The values were normalized to the mean of Tg – mice from each line. Data correspond to means ± SEM and the statistical analysis was done by Student's unpaired <i>t</i>-test. n = number of mice.</p

Relative expression of DYRK1A, SAHH and NQO1 and SAHH and NQO1 activities obtained from lymphoblastoid cell lines.

<p>The values of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from patients with DS (T21) were normalized to the mean lymphoblastoid cell lines from control individuals (control). Data correspond to means ± SEM and the statistical analysis was done by Student's unpaired <i>t</i>-tests. n = number of LCLs. * <i>p</i><0.05; <b>^†</b><i>p</i><0.006.</p