Predicted trajectories of mean √CD4 cell counts since HIV diagnosis according to blip status in the last five years of control (always ≤50 copies vs. blips within 50–400 and blips >400 copies/mL) (81 HIV controllers, 1668 CD4 measurements).

<p>Predicted trajectories of mean √CD4 cell counts since HIV diagnosis according to blip status in the last five years of control (always ≤50 copies vs. blips within 50–400 and blips >400 copies/mL) (81 HIV controllers, 1668 CD4 measurements).</p

Predicted trajectories of mean √CD4 cell counts since HIV diagnosis according to blip status during the period of HIV control (81 HIV controllers, 1668 CD4 measurements).

<p>Predicted trajectories of mean √CD4 cell counts since HIV diagnosis according to blip status during the period of HIV control (81 HIV controllers, 1668 CD4 measurements).</p

Comparison of baseline characteristics between HIV controllers and patients enrolled in the ANRS SEROCO Cohort and still alive in 2007.

<p>Data are median [IQR] or n (%);</p><p>*SSA/C  =  SubSaharan Africans or Caribbeans;</p><p>**Following HIV diagnosis.</p

CSFE-based assay for detecting Gag-specific T-cell proliferation.

<p>A. The gating strategy involved a FS-SS gate for viable lymphocytes, with the exclusion of FSC^lo-SSC^int apoptotic cells; a FS-CD3 gate for CD3⁺ lymphocytes; CD4⁺CD8^- and CD4^-CD8⁺ gates for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, respectively; a CFSE^low gate for proliferating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. For the 79 patients studied, SI (panel B) and net difference in CFSE^low percentages (panel C) in response to the Gag peptide pool and SEB, used as positive control, are shown. For 17 patients, the assay was carried out against both the Gag peptide pool and p24^gag protein (used as described in [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144706#pone.0144706.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>]); SI values are shown for CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses (panels D and E, respectively). On panels B to E, the red bars indicate the positivity threshold.</p

Black ethnicity was strongly associated with Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation.

<p>^a Fisher’s exact test <i>P</i> value.</p><p>Black ethnicity was strongly associated with Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation.</p

Analysis of association between HIV disease history and Gag-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation in aviremic patients.

<p>^a Analysis was performed by logistic regression</p><p>^b adjusted for variables included in the model. The following variables with <i>P</i> values < 0.20 in univariate analysis were not included in the model, because of their associations with other independent variables: age at the time of the study was associated with age at nadir CD4 T-cell percentage; CD4 T-cell percentage, nadir CD4 T-cell percentage and duration for which CD4 T-cell percentage <15 were associated with ethnicity</p><p>^c Virions using CCR5 as a coreceptor are referred to as R5 virions, whereas those CXCR4 as a coreceptor and dual-tropic viruses are referred to as X4R5 virions</p><p>^d expressed in years</p><p>^e expressed in log₁₀ copies per 10⁶ PBMCs</p><p>^f expressed as a percentage of total CD4 T cells</p><p>^g expressed as a percentage of total CD8 T cells</p><p>^h expressed as a percentage of naive CD4 T cells</p><p>ⁱ expressed in months</p><p>^j expressed in days x log₁₀ HIV-RNA copies/ml of plasma.</p><p>Analysis of association between HIV disease history and Gag-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation in aviremic patients.</p

Analyses of association between HIV disease history and Gag-specific CD4 T-cell proliferation in aviremic patients.

<p>^a Analysis was performed by logistic regression</p><p>^b adjusted for variables included in the model. The following variables with <i>P</i> values < 0.20 in univariate analysis were not included in the model, because of their associations with other independent variables: age at the time of the study and age at first HAART were associated with age at nadir CD4 T-cell percentage</p><p>^c Virions using CCR5 as a coreceptor are referred to as R5 virions, whereas those CXCR4 as a coreceptor and dual-tropic viruses are referred to as X4R5 virions</p><p>^d expressed in years</p><p>^e expressed in log₁₀ copies per 10⁶ PBMCs</p><p>^f expressed as a percentage of total CD4 T cells</p><p>^g expressed as a percentage of total CD8 T cells</p><p>^h expressed as a percentage of naive CD4 T cells</p><p>ⁱ expressed in months</p><p>^j expressed in days x log₁₀ HIV-RNA copies/ml of plasma.</p><p>Analyses of association between HIV disease history and Gag-specific CD4 T-cell proliferation in aviremic patients.</p

Characteristics of PTC included in the study.

1<p>M: Male, F: Female;</p>2<p>Primary HIV-1 infection, Symptomatic or Asymptomatic;</p>3<p>NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, PI: Protease Inhibitor, NNRTI: Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor;</p>4<p>VL: Viral load;</p>5<p>NA: non available;</p>6<p>First determination 4 days after initiating therapy;</p>7<p>Two transient treatments during pregnancies since first interruption.</p

Weak contribution of long-lived resting CD4+ T cells to the HIV reservoir in the post-treatment controllers.

<p><b>A.</b> HIV infection levels in the resting TN, TCM, TTM and TEM cells of 11 PTCs and 8 HICs. The results are expressed as the log10 HIV DNA copy numbers per million cells, and the medians are represented. The open symbols are values below the threshold of detection. ‘ns’ are non significant p values. <b>B.</b> CD4+ T cell subsets contribution to the resting HIV reservoir, considering both infection levels and frequency. The results are expressed as the median percentage of the resting CD4 HIV reservoir, with interquartile range [25%–75%] and minimum and maximum values. Statistical analyses were applied between all subsets from a single group as well as between each subset from the two groups.</p

Patients to become post-treatment controllers have higher viral loads and lower CD4+ T cell counts than HIV controllers during primary HIV infection.

<p>CD4+ T cell counts (<b>A</b>) and plasma viral load (<b>B</b>) during the primary infection for the patients enrolled in the ANRS PRIMO cohort who later exhibited spontaneous control of infection (preHIC; n = 8) <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003211#ppat.1003211-Goujard1" target="_blank">[16]</a>, for the PTCs included in our study (n = 14) and for the patients in the ANRS PRIMO cohort who did not control infection (n = 1,245). The median and the 10^th and 90^th percentiles are shown for each group.</p