Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Control and Prevention of Diarrhea in Grazing Calves.

Two homogenous Cuban Siboney groups (20 grazing animals each), approximately 180 days old were made up to assess the probiotic effect of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  on diarrhea prevention and control. The experimental group received sugar cane meal  ad libitum,  and  100 ml  of liquid culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,  variety C-40 (1.3 × 108 ufc/g), mixed/kg of Norgold/animal. No yeast was supplied to this group. During the four months of assessment the diarrhea episodes were produced from two to three days on average (18 days total). Twenty -five epi-sodes were observed in the control group, from three to five days (88 days total).  S. cerevisiae  has a probiotic effect on grazing calves, helps reduce the incidence of diarrhea, and lasts less when it occurs

El crecimiento como premisa para la incorporación a la reproducción de la novilla lechera

The objective was to define the dependence on the time of incorporation and the growth rate from birth to at least the first birth. 425 pairs of measurements were processed, average daily gain (gmd) as independent variable, weight and age of incorporation to reproduction, which were processed by the CurveExpert Software 1.34 (1993) using the inverse model Y = ai + bi / x + ci / x 2 for the European Holstein breed with adult weight between 550 and 600 kg. For intermediate Holstein-Cebu intermediate crosses, the values ​​were adjusted for the genetic potentials of milk production, live weight and average daily gain (gmd); (adult live weight = 500 kg.), being processed by the same previous model. For the simulation process, optimal values ​​of average daily gain (gmd = 500 gr./d) were used, which allows the female to be incorporated at 325 kg of live weight and at an age of 18.5 months that guarantees age at the first birth of 29 months, births not less than 85% and long productive life at intermediate crossings. The average daily gain (gmd) and birth rate varied from 500 to 275 gr, / d and from 85 to 45 gr. / d respectively. The main results show highly significant dependence p <0.001 (Inverse Model) for average daily gain (gmd), incorporation weight and age at incorporation, for European Holstein and Intermediate Crossings respectively. Weights of 300 kg at ages of 15 months when the adult weight is 500 kg., With gmd of 600 gr. / d until incorporation into reproduction. For average daily gain (gmd) of 500 gr. / d - weight of incorporation of 325 kg and age of 18.5 months (for intermediate crossings). All parameters of the functions found with R 2> 0.999 are shown in all cases. From the simulation studylosses of 3 and 4 births are deducted in 8 and 11 years of productive life, by varying the birth rate from 85% to 45% and the average daily gain (gmd) from 500 to 275 gr. / d. It concludes high dependence average daily gain (gmd) / weight - age incorporation; minimum average daily gain (gmd) of 500 gr is recommended. / d, so there is an urgent need to increase said actual average daily gain (gmd) from 325 - 370 gr. / d.El objetivo fue definir la dependencia del momento de la incorporación y el ritmo de crecimiento desde el nacimiento al menos hasta el primer parto. Se procesaron 425 pares de mediciones, ganancia media diaria (gmd) como variable independiente, el peso y la edad de incorporación a la reproducción, que fueron procesados por el Software CurveExpert 1.34 (1993) utilizando el modelo inverso Y = a i + b i /x + c i /x 2 para la raza Holstein Europea con peso adulto entre 550 y 600 kg. Para los cruces intermedios Holstein-Cebú medios, se ajustaron los valores por los potenciales genéticos de la producción de leche, el peso vivo y la ganancia media diaria (gmd); (peso vivo adulto = 500 kg.), procesándose por el mismo modelo anterior. Para el proceso de simulación se partió , de valores óptimos de ganancia media diaria (gmd = 500 gr./d) lo que permite incorporar la hembra a 325 kg de peso vivo y a una edad de 18.5 meses que garantiza edad al primer parto de 29 meses, natalidades no menores del 85 % y larga vida productiva en cruces intermedios. La ganancia media diaria (gmd) y la natalidad variaron de 500 a 275 gr, /d y de 85 a 45 gr. /d respectivamente. Los principales resultados muestran dependencia altamente significativa p<0.001 (Modelo Inverso) para ganancia media diaria (gmd), peso incorporación y edad a la incorporación, para Holstein Europeo y Cruces intermedios respectivamente. Pesos de 300 kg a edades de 15 meses cuando el peso adulto es de 500 kg., con gmd de 600 gr. /d hasta la incorporación a la reproducción. Para ganancia media diaria (gmd) de 500 gr. /d – peso de incorporación de 325 kg y edad de 18.5 meses (para cruces intermedios). Se muestran todos los parámetros de las funciones encontradas con R 2  > 0.999 en todos los casos. Del estudio de simulaciónse deducen pérdidas de 3 y 4 partos en 8 y 11 años de vida productiva, al variar la natalidad del 85 % al 45 % y la ganancia media diaria (gmd) de 500 a 275 gr. /d. Se concluye alta dependencia ganancia media diaria (gmd) / peso – edad incorporación; se recomienda ganancia media diaria (gmd) mínima de 500 gr. /d, por lo que urge la necesidad de aumentar dicha ganancia media diaria (gmd) real actual de 325 – 370 gr. /d

Modelos para pronosticar los nacimientos en sistemas vacunos lecheros en Cuba

In order to obtain models for birthing forecasting that permit the adoption of decisions in the control of reproduction in dairy cattle systems, based on the information playback files livestock sub-delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture in Camagüey for the dairy companies Camagüey-Jimaguayú, the variables (reproductive categories, females detected in oestrus) with lags in relation to birth were used in a multiple regression analysis step by step. Three models were obtained using lagged variables with nine, ten and twelve months of delay. The data from three livestock enterprises in the province of Ciego de Avila (2003-2005) were used to validate the model: Birth = 0669* Total of females detected in oestrus (9) + 0.278 * post partum cows (12) with an R = 83.7. There was a similarity in the monthly average, total and 2 individual prediction estimation or standardized errors. The major proportion of the errors value of was classified as good (small), which can confirm the fitting or generalization of the model to new cases. The results confirm that the achieved models could be a valuable tool for planning campaigns and developing breeding schemes for milk production.Para obtener modelos de pronóstico de los nacimientos que permitan la adopción de decisiones en el control de la reproducción en sistemas vacunos lecheros, a partir de la información de reproducción de los archivos de la subdelegación de ganadería del Ministerio de la Agricultura en Camagüey correspondiente a las empresas de la cuenca lechera CamagüeyJimaguayú, se utilizaron las variables (categorías reproductivas, hembras detectadas en estro) con retardos en relación con los nacimientos en un análisis de regresión múltiple paso a paso. Se obtuvieron tres modelos utilizando las variables con nueve, diez y doce meses de retardo. Para la validación se aplicó el modelo: Nacimientos = 0,669*Total de hembras detectadas en estro (9) + 0,278* Recentinas (12) con un R2 = 83,7, a datos de tres empresas pecuarias de la provincia de Ciego de Ávila (2003-2005). Se observó una similitud en el promedio mensual, total e individual de los errores de estimación o predicción estandarizados. La mayor proporción del valor de los errores se clasificó como bueno (pequeños), que permiten confirmar el buen ajuste o generalización del modelo a los casos nuevos. Los resultados confirman que los modelos obtenidos pudieran constituir una valiosa herramienta para la planificación de las campañas de reproducción y la elaboración de los planes de producción de leche

Pigeon Paramixovirosis: a risk factor for urban and commercial avifauna

Epizootic performance of domesticated pigeon's paramixovirus was studied and evaluated due to its potential risk for aviculture. A census to collect data on pigeon population, hygiene, and management was carried out by the Institute of Veterinary Medicine in Camagüey, Cuba. Data were processed by the chi-square test. Paramixovirus presence in Camagüey municipality and the high risk of its spread to other zones within the province due to violation of antiepizootic measures was confirmed

Repeatability of Productive and Reproductive Traits on a Dairy Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Farm in Ciego de Ávila Province, Cuba

To estimate the repeatability values of productive and reproductive traits, 257 observations were made to 34 river buffalo cows on a dairy buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) farm, at Ruta Invasora Cattle Company, in Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. The buffalo herds were naturally bred, and were manually milked between 4:00 and 6:00 am; the animals grazed on native and introduced grass all the year. One stud was used per of 30-40 cows. The reproduction data were collected from individual control charts, which included the calving number, weight at weaning (WW), weight at breeding start (WBS), calving-calving interval (CCI), and milk production (MP). SPSS, version 23, for Windows was used to estimate the repeatability of the variables studied (weight at weaning, weight at breeding start, calving interval, and milk production), according to the variance components by the general linear model for inter and intra cow variance components. The repeatability values achieved were 0.41 ± 0.03 for WW; 0.50 ± 0.04 for IWM; 0.01 ± 0.03 for CCI; and 0.65 ± 0.06 for MP. High repeatability values for milk production occurred thanks to the absence of previous genetic selection.To estimate the repeatability values of productive and reproductive traits, 257 observations were made to 34 river buffalo cows on a dairy buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) farm, at Ruta Invasora Cattle Company, in Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. The buffalo herds were naturally bred, and were manually milked between 4:00 and 6:00 am; the animals grazed on native and introduced grass all the year. One stud was used per of 30-40 cows. The reproduction data were collected from individual control charts, which included the calving number, weight at weaning (WW), weight at breeding start (WBS), calving-calving interval (CCI), and milk production (MP). SPSS, version 23, for Windows was used to estimate the repeatability of the variables studied (weight at weaning, weight at breeding start, calving interval, and milk production), according to the variance components by the general linear model for inter and intra cow variance components. The repeatability values achieved were 0.41 ± 0.03 for WW; 0.50 ± 0.04 for IWM; 0.01 ± 0.03 for CCI; and 0.65 ± 0.06 for MP. High repeatability values for milk production occurred thanks to the absence of previous genetic selection

Empleo de Saccharomyces cerevisiae para la prevención y control de las diarreas en terneros en pastoreo.

Para evaluar el efecto probiótico de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en la prevención y control de las diarreas se selec-cionaron dos grupos homogéneos de terneros Siboney de Cuba (20 animales cada uno) con una edad aproximada de 180 días, en condiciones de pastoreo. Al grupo experimental se le dio caña molida ad libitum y 100 ml  de cultivo líquido de  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  variedad C-40  (1,3 × 10 8 ufc/g)  mezclado/kg de Norgold/animal; al control no se le suministró la levadura. En los cuatro meses de la evaluación se cuantificaron los episodios de diarrea y su duración, sin precisar la etiología. En los animales suplementados con el probiótico se produjeron ocho episodios de diarrea, de dos a tres días de duración promedio (total: 18 días). En el grupo control se produjeron 25 episodios, de tres a cinco días  (total:  88 días).  S. cerevisiae ejerce un efecto probiótico en terneros en pastoreo, contribuye a reducir la incidencia de diarreas y, cuando se produce, disminuye su duración.Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Control and Prevention of Diarrhea in Grazing Calves.ABSTRACTTwo homogenous Cuban Siboney groups (20 grazing animals each), approximately 180 days old were made up to assess the probiotic effect of  Saccharomyces cerevisiaeon  preventing and controlling diarrhea.  The experimental group received sugar cane meal ad libitum,and 100 mlof liquid culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, variety  C-40 (1.3 × 10 8 ufc/g), mixed/kg of Norgold/animal. No yeast was supplied to this group.  During the four months of as-sessment the diarrhea episodes were produced from two to three days on average (18 days total). Twenty-five epi-sodes were observed in the control group, from three to five days (88 days   total).  S. cerevisiaehas a probiotic effect on grazing calves, helps reduce the incidence of diarrhea, and it lasts less when it occurs

Probiotic Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Hematic and Metabolic Parameters of Grazing Calves.

The probiotic effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied in certain hematic and metabolic parameters of grazing calves. Forty specimens  aged 180 days on average, were included after selection (Cuban Siboney), with a live weight of 80 kg . Two groups (control and experimental) were made of 20 animals each, all receiving Norgold. In the experimental group, it was mixed with 100 ml of live culture of S. cerevisiae. The hematological studies were performed bimonthly. Blood was drawn from each animal through venipuncture  in the jugular vein, to set up hemoglobin, hematocrit, and complete blood count with differential values; glycemia tests were made for blood glucose. The hemoglobin and hematocrit values had a significant difference in favor of the  experimental group; similar  values were observed  for blood glucose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae used  as nutritional supplement for grazing calves is a sustainable alternative  with a probiotic effect observed in increased hematic and metabolic parameters

Influence of Age on Sexual Libido of Bull-Teasers in Dairy Cattle Herds.

Influence of age on sexual libido of bull-teasers was evaluated in daily cattle herds at the Livestock Center “Triángulo 1” in Camagüey, Cuba. To this purpose, 140 Holstein x Zebu crossbred bull-teasers at ages from 13 to 75 months old were studied from 2007 to 2010. Sexual libido was evaluated as an age dependent variable by a linear regression model. Age (39,76 ± 19,89 month-old standard deviation) showed a significant positive influence upon sex-ual libido (6,59 points ± 1,75 standard deviation). Sexual libido increase with age was probably due to older bull-teasers’ social rank and experience. Although bull-teasers younger than 24 months old showed an acceptable minimal sexual libido and could be fit for their role if rationally managed, some other factors like body build, management, environment, and age group must be assessed to this end

Seasonal Behavior of Leptospirosis in Horses during a Decade in Camagüey

Background: Leptospirosis is the most widely spread zoonosis during the 2000s. Numerous animal species act as reservoirs of spirochetes. The aim of this research was to establish its seasonal behavior in equines. Methods: In that sense, the data from 1 099 equine serum reactive to Leptospira collected on a monthly basis for 10 years, were used. Seasonal decomposition was performed by the multiplicative method, which helped set seasonality in quarters, according to the proportion of positive reactors for the ten-year period. Results: The greatest proportion of reactors took place in October, November, and December, when the seasonal factor was above 100%. It coincided with the dry period, which did not correspond to most reports on humans and other animal species. Conclusions: Most horses reactive to Leptospira corresponded with the fourth quarter of the period studied: in the dry season, which contrasts most reports. Therefore, further studies should be conducted.Background: Leptospirosis is the most widely spread zoonosis during the 2000s. Numerous animal species act as reservoirs of spirochetes. The aim of this research was to establish its seasonal behavior in equines.Methods: In that sense, the data from 1,099 equine serum reactive to Leptospira collected on a monthly basis for 10 years, were used. Seasonal decomposition was performed by the multiplicative method, which helped set sea-sonality in quarters, according to the proportion of positive reactors for the ten-year period.Results: The greatest proportion of reactors took place in October, November, and December, when the seasonal factor was above 100%. It coincided with the dry period, which did not correspond to most reports on humans and other animal species.Conclusions: Most horses reactive to Leptospira corresponded with the fourth quarter of the period studied: in the dry season, which contrasts most reports. Therefore, further studies should be conducted