Progress in accumulation and translocation of nitrogen in winter wheat cultivars released in the years 1921–2003

Ten winter wheat cultivars released in the years 1921–2003 in Slovakia were evaluated in pot experiment in 4 variants of N fertilization and in 2 terms of harvest (heading — a, maturity — m). Biomass N concentration at heading, grain N concentration (Ng), straw N concentration (Nv), and biomass N concentration at maturity were determined. N uptake and characteristics of N translocation, accumulation in grain and utilization were estimated. The year of cultivar release (YCR) was in relationships with nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTRE) (r = 0.720++) and with decreasing N% in vegetative biomass during grain filling (RNT) (r = −0.614). Strong correlation between YCR and N uptake in grain (r = 0.796), YCR and N harvest index (NHI) (r = 0.816++), and YCR and N utilization for grain (NUTg) (r = 0.877++) indicated that the modern cultivars more intensive accumulated N in grain and utilised N for grain than old ones. YCR was in negative correlation with N uptake in biomass at heading (r = −0.790++), N utilization for biomass (r = −0.678+) and with ratio Ng to Nv (relative N accumulation RNA) (r = −0.710+). Modern cultivars, in spite of their higher grain N uptake (NUP), lower N concentration in straw, higher N accumulation in grain (NHI) and higher efficiency of N translocation (NTRE) and (RNT), had lower N grain concentration than old cultivars. At the same or lower total N uptake they had considerably higher grain yield and therefore between Ng and NUTg was strong negative correlation (r = −0.977++). This is a result of the unilateral selection on grain yield. Selection should be concentrated not only on increasing of N uptake efficiency, but also on increasing of total N uptake by increasing of biomass N concentration. RNT and RNA are also recommended for selection on increasing of N grain concentration. Hypothetic models of cultivars with different NUP, NUTg and different relationships between NUTg and Ng were discussed

Translocation of dry matter in ten winter wheat cultivars released in the years 1921–2003

Set of 10 winter wheat cultivars was evaluated in pot experiment at 4 levels of N-fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha −1 ) with the aim to find out contribution of above ground and root translocated biomass on increasing of grain yield of modern cultivars. Modern semi-dwarf cultivars headed earlier, accumulated less above ground biomass till heading, but more root biomass and their intensity of root biomass accumulation was higher than at old cultivars. The highest root biomass produced cultivar Astella, carrying Rht 1. On the doubled grain yield of modern cultivars grain number per ear (r=0.907 ++ ) contributed more than grain weight (r=0.889 ++ ) and ear number per plant (r=−0.512) lowered moderately with the year of cultivar release. Grain yield increased as a result of higher harvest index, without increasing biomass production. Translocation of above ground biomass increased with the year of cultivar release, except of the semi-dwarf, earliest cultivar Kosutka. In all cultivars, root biomass was decreasing from the heading to the maturity and their contribution on translocated dry matter in grain was three times higher than from above ground biomass. Portion of total biomass translocated in grain varied among cultivars from 2.34% (Kosutka) to 41.51% (Astella)

Wpływ decyzji zarządczych dotyczących inwestycji w innowacje na wydajność rynku papierów wartościowych : analiza empiryczna

This paper examines the hypothesis that management decisions to invest in innovations have an impact on business performance. We used the “Delta Intangible Assets to Sales Ratio” as a proxy variable for investments in innovations. With regard to the research results, it was shown that the “Delta Intangible Assets to Sales Ratio” can easily explain the company’s performance in 24 months and highly significantly in 36 months. However, the quality of the explanation (R squared) assumes very low values. As investment volume in innovation increases, company management can increase the stock market performance. However, it is reasonable to note that management should consider the timing of the investment and the impact on performance. Thus, investing in innovation is strategic management decision.W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano hipotezę, że decyzje kierownictwa o inwestowaniu w innowacje mają wpływ na wyniki biznesowe. Jako zmienną zastępczą dla inwestycji w innowacje wykorzystano "stosunek wartości niematerialnych delta do sprzedaży". W odniesieniu do wyników badań wykazano, że "wskaźnik wartości niematerialnych delta do sprzedaży" może z łatwością wyjaśnić wyniki firmy za 24 miesiące i bardzo znacząco za 36 miesięcy. Jednak, jakość wyjaśnienia (R kwadrat) zakłada bardzo niskie wartości. Wraz ze wzrostem inwestycji w innowacje, zarządzanie firmą może zwiększyć wyniki na giełdzie. Należy jednak zauważyć, że podejmując decyzje zarządcze należy wziąć pod uwagę terminy inwestycji i wpływ na wyniki. Inwestowanie w innowacje jest, zatem decyzją zarządzania strategicznego

Relative nitrogen translocation and accumulation in grain of winter wheat cultivars

Field experiments with 12 winter wheat cultivars differing in N grain concentration were carried out during the vegetative years 2004/05 and 2005/06 using three variants of N fertilization (N1 = 0 kg N ha−1, N2 = 100 kg N ha−1, N3 = 200 kg N ha−1). The aim was to determine the effect of cultivar, N fertilization and weather conditions of the respective years on the relative N translocation and grain quality. Biomass N concentration at the stages of heading (Nbh) and maturity (Nbm), grain N concentration (Ng) and straw N concentration (Nv) were determined. The decrease of N concentration in vegetative biomass during grain filling Nv / Nbh was denoted as a relative N translocation — RNT and ratio Ng / Nv as a relative N accumulation — RNA. Low differences in Nbh and Nbm were observed between years and significant difference in Ng and Nv was due to different RNT and RNA efficiency. In the year with low RNT efficiency, Nv was high and Ng and RNA low. N fertilization increased biomass N concentration, more in the vegetative organs than generative ones. Higher N rates decreased efficiency of fertilization which was expressed in RNT and RNA decrease. In the year with low RNT efficiency, the decrease of fertilizer efficiency had a multiplier effect. Cultivars have differed in Nv, Ng, RNT and RNA but their response to N fertilization was similar. Only some cultivars (Zlatka, Renan and Tamaro) possessed N grain concentration answering food end-use without N fertilization but only in the year favourable for N translocation. Certain cultivars (Sonata and Malyska) did not have food quality at all, not even at rate 200 kg N ha−1. Straw N concentration depended strongly on the cultivar efficiency of decreasing N concentration in vegetative biomass during grain filling (RNT). On the contrary, a negative relationship was observed between straw N concentration and Nbh. Cultivars with high RNT efficiency had low Nv, high Ng and high RNA. Possibilities of utilization RNT and RNA as selection criterions on high Ng were recommended