Impacts of Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects in Pakistan: Farmers’ Perceptions

Using well-designed sample, anecdotal evidence from farmers of a recently completed irrigation and drainage project in Bhawalnagar Pakistan, valuable impact indicators could be assessed. The case study suggests that although this simple and quick method is not a substitute for the detailed scientific survey, yet it can be handy, sufficient, and could be usefully used at a nominal cost as a supplementary method. The parameters approached were the depth to water-table, crop yields, cropping pattern, abandoned lands, water distribution, and seepage reduction, etc. The results showed that some of these, including the depth to water-table, seepage reduction, and cropping pattern compared well with previous technical studies, while some others did not. The physical interventions of the project under quick evaluation comprised concrete lining of about 170 kms of the distributary canals and 352 kms of surface drains. The paper concludes that the farmers’ perceptions, when carefully designed and analysed, offer substantial feedback for remedial actions and for planning future projects.

Theory of elementary particles

Imperial Users onl

Determinants of increased real prices of livestock in Balochistan

The real prices of livestock in Balochistan have been increasing dramatically over the last decade and still there is no sign for them to recede. There is no study that accounts for determinants of this rise in the real prices of livestock in Balochistan. The purpose of this research was to find out the determinants for the increasing real prices of livestock. The research was mainly conducted in Balochistan including rural and urban areas of Quetta, Mastung and Kuchlaq. Twenty-nine farmers, livestock experts, government agencies and vets were selected as the respondents to gather data using questioning technique. In addition, some of the data was also obtained from the report of SMEDA. Judgemental sampling was used as the method for data collection from the respondents. The data thus collected was descriptively analysed. The study found that the determinants for the rise in the real prices of livestock included shortage of production/supply, high risk of raising animals, smuggling of livestock across the boarders, lack of government support and low level of technological use

Directional flow of solitons with asymmetric potential wells: Soliton diode

We study the flow of bright solitons through two asymmetric potential wells. The scattering of a soliton by certain type of single potential wells, e.g., Gaussian or Rosen-Morse, is distinguished by a critical velocity above which solitons can transmit almost completely and below which solitons can reflect nearly perfectly. For two such wells in series with certain parameter combinations, we find that there is an appreciable velocity range for which solitons can propagate in one direction only. Our study shows that this directional propagation or diode behavior is due to a combined effect of the sharp transition in the transport coefficients at the critical velocity and a slight reduction in the center-of-mass speed of the soliton while it travels across a potential well.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Determinants of increased real prices of livestock in Balochistan

The real prices of livestock in Balochistan have been increasing dramatically over the last decade and still there is no sign for them to recede. There is no study that accounts for determinants of this rise in the real prices of livestock in Balochistan. The purpose of this research was to find out the determinants for the increasing real prices of livestock. The research was mainly conducted in Balochistan including rural and urban areas of Quetta, Mastung and Kuchlaq. Twenty-nine farmers, livestock experts, government agencies and vets were selected as the respondents to gather data using questioning technique. In addition, some of the data was also obtained from the report of SMEDA. Judgemental sampling was used as the method for data collection from the respondents. The data thus collected was descriptively analysed. The study found that the determinants for the rise in the real prices of livestock included shortage of production/supply, high risk of raising animals, smuggling of livestock across the boarders, lack of government support and low level of technological use.real prices; livestock; Balochistan

Conservation of Pheasants in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan

Pheasants belong to the avian order Galliformes and are important environmental indicators. Among 49 species of pheasants in the world, 5 of them are endemic to Pakistan with distribution in the Himalaya and remote northern parts of the country. Due to increase in human population, encroachment, poaching, and habitat disturbance pheasants are threatened and vulnerable. Besides ecological importance of pheasants they have also aesthetic values which mainly contribute to their decline in population in wake of poaching in their native local habitat. Because cheer pheasant was extirpated locally and other pheasants were declared endangered or threatened by the 1UCN, the NWFP wildlife department started a captive breeding program in early 1980s for these pheasants and their subsequent re-introduction into suitable habitat in the province. I focused on different initiative, interventions, and relevant documents to compile a comprehensive report on conservation of pheasants in the NWFP. Established in early 19980s, captive breeding program in Dhodial Pheasantry in district Mansehra has served not only as an ex-situ conservation tool but also as a platform for reintroduction of pheasants. Awareness and public education programs are also being implemented in different areas as a tool for conservation of pheasant at a larger scale. The Wildlife Department involved local communities in effective conservation of wildlife resources on sustainable basis. Review of documents and interventions of different conservation-based organization has shown that pheasants surveys are not conducted in a proper, systematic, and consistent manner. There is a lack of in-depth research, effective survey protocols, and database on the basis of which estimate of wild population can not be ascertained. There is a lack of coordination and networking among conservation-based organizations and the NWFP Wildlife Department has to struggle for finances and support. 1 recommend that regular pheasant survey must be ensured and international organizations must implement projects in core zones of these valuable birds. Database should be developed and properly maintained for effective assessment and implementation of projects in the future. Poaching and lack of public awareness about these birds are also main contributing factors. For education and awareness, intensive and extensive programs must be carried out to sensitize people about importance of these birds: and for discouraging poaching there is a dire need to strictly implement existing rules and regulations

Impacts of Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects in Pakistan: Farmers’ Perceptions

Using well-designed sample, anecdotal evidence from farmers of a recently completed irrigation and drainage project in Bhawalnagar Pakistan, valuable impact indicators could be assessed. The case study suggests that although this simple and quick method is not a substitute for the detailed scientific survey, yet it can be handy, sufficient, and could be usefully used at a nominal cost as a supplementary method. The parameters approached were the depth to water-table, crop yields, cropping pattern, abandoned lands, water distribution, and seepage reduction, etc. The results showed that some of these, including the depth to water-table, seepage reduction, and cropping pattern compared well with previous technical studies, while some others did not. The physical interventions of the project under quick evaluation comprised concrete lining of about 170 kms of the distributary canals and 352 kms of surface drains. The paper concludes that the farmers’ perceptions, when carefully designed and analysed, offer substantial feedback for remedial actions and for planning future projects

Security during Transmission of Data Using Web Steganography

The project entitled Steganography is to give security to a content record. Since the security of the data over the internet has raised a concern to the people. There are many methods to protect the data from going into the access of unauthorized people. Steganography can be used along with the encryption technique to secure the data. Steganography is used to hide the data or a secret message whereas cryptography is used to encrypt the message and make it difficult the people to read. So, the proposed system is to combine both steganography and cryptography for the secret data transmission. The transmission can be done by using an image as a carrier of data. This paper uses high-performance BMP steganography along with a substitution encryption methodology. The approach that is used here is IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) algorithm which is used for encryption. The IDEA algorithm works as follows, it will take the TEXT document and mystery key as the input and gives the encrypted and BMP picture as the output for the sender side. There can additionally be “Voice Recognition System” framework so that it can use voice to decrypt the message. This is the future expansion or scope of this paper