The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school boys' wrestling (2005-2006 through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Wrestling (2004-2005 through 2013-2014)

Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of wrestling injury data. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' wrestling in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's wrestling in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Online injury surveillance from wrestling teams of high school boys (annual average ¼ 100) and collegiate men (annual average ¼ 11). Patients or Other Participants: Male wrestlers who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (24 hours) injuries and exposure data during this time period. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. Results: The High School Reporting Information Online documented 3376 time-loss injuries during 1 416 314 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2387 time-loss injuries during 257 297 AEs. The total injury rate was higher in college than in high school (9.28 versus 2.38/1000 AEs; injury rate ratio ¼ 3.89; 95% confidence interval ¼ 3.69, 4.10). In high school, the most commonly injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the head/face (practices ¼ 19.9%, competitions ¼ 21.4%) and shoulder/clavicle (practices ¼ 14.1%, competitions ¼ 21.0%). In college, the most frequently injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the knee (practices ¼ 16.7%, competitions ¼ 30.4%) and head/face (practices ¼ 12.1%, competitions ¼ 14.6%). Conclusions: Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school players, and the types of injuries sustained most often differed. Based on these results, continued study of primary and secondary prevention of injury in wrestlers across levels of competition is warranted

Differential Effects of Continuous versus Discontinuous Aerobic Training on Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics

The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic, arterial stiffness, and blood flow changes following four weeks of either continuous or discontinuous aerobic exercise in adults. Forty-seven subjects between the ages of 18 and 57 were recruited for one month of either continuous aerobic treadmill work for 30 minutes at 70% max heart rate or 3 bouts of 10 minutes of exercise at 70% of max heart rate with two 10 minute break periods in between, totaling 30 minutes of aerobic work. Following exercise, both CON and DIS groups demonstrated a significant improvement in VO2max (CON 35.39±1.99 to 38.19±2.03; DIS 36.18±1.82 to 39.33±1.75), heart rate max (CON 183.5±3.11 to 187.17±3.06; DIS 179.06±2.75 to 182±2.61), decreases in SBP(CON 119±1.82 to 115.11±1.50; DIS 117.44±1.90 to 112.67±1.66), DBP(CON 72.56±1.65 to 70.56±1.06; DIS 71.56±1.59 to 69.56±1.43), augmentation index (CON 17.17±2.17 to 14.9±1.92; DIS 19.71±2.66 to 13.91±2.46), central pulse wave velocity (CON 8.29±0.32 to 6.92±0.21; DIS 7.85±0.30 to 6.83±0.29), peripheral PWV (CON 9.49±0.35 to 7.72±0.38; DIS 9.11±0.37 to 7.58±0.47), and significant increases in average forearm blood flow (CON 4.06±0.12 to 4.34±0.136; DIS 4.26±0.18 to 4.53±0.15), peak FBF following reactive hyperemia (CON 28.45±0.094 to 29.96±0.45; DIS 29.29±0.46 to 30.6±0.38) area under the curve of FBF (CON 28.65±1.77 to 30.4±1.08; DIS 30.52±1.9 to 31.67±1.44) and AUC peak FBF following RH (CON 222.3±5.68 to 231.95±4.42; DIS 230.81±6.91 to 237.19±5.39. These data suggest that for healthy people either four weeks of continuous or discontinuous aerobic training is effective in improving measures of fitness and vascular health