The microRNA-15a-PAI-2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes migration of cancer cells

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has an abundance of tumor stroma which plays an important role in cancer progression via tumor-promoting signals. This study aims to explore the microRNA (miRNA) profile of CCA-associated fibroblasts (CCFs) and the roles of any identified miRNAs in CCA progression. Methods: miRNA expression profiles of CCFs and normal skin fibroblasts were compared by microarray. Identified downregulated miRNAs and their target genes were confirmed by real-time PCR. Their binding was confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay. The effects of conditioned-media (CM) of miRNA mimic- and antagonist-transfected CCFs were tested in CCA migration in wound healing assays. Finally, the levels of miRNA and their target genes were examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in clinical CCA samples. Results: miR-15a was identified as a downregulated miRNA in CCFs. Moreover, PAI-2 was identified as a novel target gene of miR-15a. Recombinant PAI-2 promoted migration of CCA cells. Moreover, CM from miR-15a mimic-transfected CCFs suppressed migration of CCA cells. Lower expression of miR-15a and higher expression of PAI-2 were observed in human CCA samples compared with normal liver tissues. Importantly, PAI-2 expression correlated with poor prognosis in CCA patients. Conclusions: These findings highlight the miR-15a/PAI-2 axis as a potential therapeutic target in CCA patients

The microRNA-15a-PAI-2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes migration of cancer cells

Abstract Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has an abundance of tumor stroma which plays an important role in cancer progression via tumor-promoting signals. This study aims to explore the microRNA (miRNA) profile of CCA-associated fibroblasts (CCFs) and the roles of any identified miRNAs in CCA progression. Methods miRNA expression profiles of CCFs and normal skin fibroblasts were compared by microarray. Identified downregulated miRNAs and their target genes were confirmed by real-time PCR. Their binding was confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay. The effects of conditioned-media (CM) of miRNA mimic- and antagonist-transfected CCFs were tested in CCA migration in wound healing assays. Finally, the levels of miRNA and their target genes were examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in clinical CCA samples. Results miR-15a was identified as a downregulated miRNA in CCFs. Moreover, PAI-2 was identified as a novel target gene of miR-15a. Recombinant PAI-2 promoted migration of CCA cells. Moreover, CM from miR-15a mimic-transfected CCFs suppressed migration of CCA cells. Lower expression of miR-15a and higher expression of PAI-2 were observed in human CCA samples compared with normal liver tissues. Importantly, PAI-2 expression correlated with poor prognosis in CCA patients. Conclusions These findings highlight the miR-15a/PAI-2 axis as a potential therapeutic target in CCA patients

Additional file 7: Figure S4. of The microRNA-15a-PAI-2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes migration of cancer cells

List of candidate target genes of miR-148a. (A) Four criteria of finding the candidate target genes of miR-148a. (B) The expression levels of five predicted target genes of miR-148a including WNT10B, TGFA, WNT1, TNFRSF6B and L-selectin in CCFs and SFs. Scrambled miRNAs were used as a negative control. Bars represent mean ± SD of three measurements in one experiment. (C) Expression of WNT10B in miR-148a mimic transfected C096 CCFs was examined by real-time PCR. Bars represent mean ± SD of three measurements. *P≤0.05 compared to control. (D) Expression of WNT10B in miR-148a inhibitor transfected SFA3 SFs was examined by real-time PCR. Bars represent mean ± SD of three measurements. *P≤0.05 compared to control. (TIFF 200 kb

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Additional file 10: of The microRNA-15a-PAI-2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes migration of cancer cells

Supplementary information of the invasion assay method. (DOCX 12 kb

Additional file 5: Table S3. of The microRNA-15a-PAI-2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes migration of cancer cells

A literature review of 15 miRNAs which are commonly down-regulated in CCFs. (PPTX 53 kb

Additional file 9: Figure S6. of The microRNA-15a-PAI-2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes migration of cancer cells

The effects of rPAI-2 on CCA tumorigenic properties. (A) Cell proliferation was examined by WST assay in KKU-213 and KKU-055 at 24, 48, and 72 h after 10 μg/ml of rPAI-2 treatment. The 2% FBS containing media are used as negative controls. (B) Cell invasion by Transwell® invasion assay in KKU-213 and KKU-055. After incubation for 18 h with 10 μg/ml of rPAI-2, invaded cells were counted. Bars represent mean ± SD of three measurements. *P < 0.05 compared to control. (TIFF 4367 kb