Racjonalność gospodarowania energią w sektorze transportu w UE

The main objective of this article was to make a quantitative and qualitative attempt to examine the relationship and the correlations between the development of transport and fuel efficiency of resource use. The analysis has shown that road transport has now gained a special status in people’s daily lives. The increased mobility of European citizens has caused cars to currently have the greatest share of the energy needs of road transport. This happened in despite improvements in the energy efficiency of these cars and freight transport growth. The projected continued growth of freight transport will contribute to the further changes in the structure of energy consumption by road transport. Despite the high growth rate of energy efficiency and improvement in trucks, the share of demand for fuel by these vehicles will increase the total fuel demand for the road transport sector. At the same time the energy consumption of cars will reduce their share in the total fuel needs of transport. The improvements of energy efficiency of passenger cars and trucks will not offset the increase in demand for energy in road transport. The above regularities create a key challenge facing the transport system – how to meet the constantly growing demand for energy? An important issue in achieving the objectives of sustainable transport is not only the development of technology, but also human awareness shaping proper consumer preferences. The future of transport will depend on both the carriers and the customers.Mając dane ilościowe i jakościowe, podjęto próbę zbadania zależności i związków zachodzących między rozwojem transportu a efektywnością wykorzystania zasobów paliwowych, co stanowiło zasadniczy cel artykułu. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła stwierdzić, że transport drogowy zyskał obecnie szczególny status w życiu codziennym społeczeństwa. Wzrost mobilności mieszkańców Europy spowodował, że samochody osobowe są aktualnie w największym stopniu odpowiedzialne za potrzeby energetyczne transportu drogowego. Stało się tak mimo poprawy efektywności energetycznej tych samochodów oraz wzrostu przewozów towarowych. Prognozowany dalszy wzrost przewozów towarowych spowoduje dalsze zmiany w strukturze zużycia energii przez transport samochodowy. Mimo wysokiej dynamiki poprawy efektywności energetycznej napędów samochodów ciężarowych, udział zapotrzebowania na paliwo przez te samochody będzie wzrastał w całkowitym zapotrzebowaniu na paliwo sektora transportu drogowego. Jednocześnie zużycie energii przez samochody osobowe zmniejszy swój udział w całkowitych potrzebach paliwowych transportu samochodowego. Poprawa efektywności energetycznej transportu osobowego i ciężarowego nie zrównoważy wzrostu zapotrzebowania na energię w transporcie drogowym. Przedstawione powyżej prawidłowości wyznaczają kluczowe wyzwanie stojące przed systemem transportowym – sprostanie ciągle rosnącemu zapotrzebowaniu na energię. Istotną kwestią w realizacji założeń zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu nie jest tylko rozwój technologii, lecz ludzka świadomość kształtująca właściwe preferencje konsumentów. Od przewoźników i klientów zależny będzie kształt transportu w przyszłości

Salvage enzymes in nucleotide biosynthesis

Balanced pools of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), the building blocks of DNA, and ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), the precursors of RNA, are crucial for a controlled cell proliferation. The dNTPs and NTPs are synthesized de novo via energy-consuming reactions involving low-weight molecules, and through a salvage pathway by recycling (deoxy)ribonucleosides originating from food and degraded DNA and RNA. The enzymes described in this thesis catalyze the first reaction in the salvage biosynthesis of dNTPs and NTPs. The crystal structures of three bacterial thymidine kinases (TKs) are described and the enzymes are investigated as potential targets for antibacterial therapies. TK is a deoxyribonucleoside kinase (dNK) with specificity for thymidine. In addition to the natural substrates, TK can also phosphorylate a number of nucleoside analogs used in antiviral and anticancer therapies. This thesis presents the structures of TKs from three pathogenic microorganisms: Ureaplasma urealyticum (parvum), Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, and compares them to the human thymidine kinase 1 (hTK1). The bacterial TKs and the hTK1 are structurally very similar and have a highly conserved active site architecture, which may complicate structure-based drug design. However, the different complex structures presented in this work provide information regarding the conformational changes of TK1-like enzymes during the time of reaction. The structure of human uridine-cytidine kinase 1 (UCK1) is also presented. Humans possess two uridine-cytidine kinases, UCK1 and UCK2. The expression pattern of these enzymes is tissue dependent, and despite high sequence as well as structural similarities they possess somewhat diverse substrate specificity. In addition to the natural substrates, uridine and cytidine, UCKs are able to phosphorylate a number of nucleoside analogs. The monomeric structure of UCK comprises four domains: a CORE domain, an NMP-binding domain, a LID domain and a β-hairpin domain, which upon substrate binding undergo dramatic conformational changes. In the structure described in this thesis the enzyme has been trapped in an intermediate conformation between a fully opened and fully closed form, which may represent a sequential mode of substrate binding

Eroticism—Politics—Identity: The Case of Richard III

Richard III’s courtship of Lady Anne in William Shakespeare’s King Richard III is a blend of courtly speech and sexual extravaganza. His sexual energy and power of seduction were invented by Shakespeare to enhance the theatrical effect of this figure and, at the same time, to present Richard as a tragic character. Richard’s eroticism in Act 1 Scene 2 makes him a complicated individual. Playing a seducer is one of the guises he uses to achieve his political aims on the one hand, and, on the other, the pose of a sexually attractive lover enables him to put his masculinity to the test. Throughout the scene Richard is haunted by his deformity that, together with his villainy, makes him a stranger to the world and an enemy to his family and the court. In order to overcome his self-image of a disproportional cripple he manifests his sexuality towards Anne to boost his self-esteem and to confirm that the lady will accept him despite his obvious physical shortcomings. This article uses Georges Bataille’s theory of eroticism and erotic desire to characterize Richard as a tragic individual and to explain the reasons behind his unexpected sexual behaviour in the seduction scene

The Place of Polish Films on German market between 1920s and 1930s, with special emphasis on Borderlands

This book was financially supported by the National Programme for the Development of Humanities: project “Cinema: Intercultural Perspective. Western-European Cinema in Poland, Polish Cinema in Western Europe. Mutual Perception of Film Cultures (1918–1939)

Paradoks efektywności w zakresie potrzeb energetycznych transportu drogowego w Unii Europejskiej

With quantitative and qualitative data, and knowing, at a glance, goal, it was an attempt to examine the relationship between the development of road transport and the efficiency of resource use. The analysis has shown that road transport now gained a special status in people’s daily lives. The increased mobility of European citizens caused the greatest responsibility for the transport of energy. This spite of improving the efficiency of these cars and freight transport growth. The projected continued growth of freight transport will contribute to the further changes in the structure of energy consumption by road transport. Despite the high growth rate of energy efficiency improvement of truck drives, the share of demand for fuel by those vehicles will increase in total fuel demand for road transport sector. At the same time the energy consumption of cars will reduce its share in total fuel needs transport. Improvmrnt of energy efficiency of passenger and truck will not offset the increase in demand for energy in road transport. The above regularities define a key challenge facing the transport system – meeting the ever growing demand for energy.Posiadając dane ilościowe i jakościowe, podjęto próbę zbadania zależności i związków zachodzących między rozwojem transportu a efektywnością wykorzystania zasobów paliwowych, co stanowiło zasadniczy cel artykułu. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła stwierdzić, że transport drogowy zyskał obecnie szczególny status w życiu codziennym społeczeństwa. Wzrost mobilności mieszkańców Europy spowodował, że samochody osobowe są aktualnie w największym stopniu odpowiedzialne za potrzeby energetyczne transportu drogowego. Stało się tak mimo poprawy efektywności energetycznej tych samochodów oraz wzrostu przewozów towarowych. Prognozowany wzrost przewozów towarowych spowoduje dalsze zmiany w strukturze zużycia energii przez transport samochodowy. Poprawa efektywności energetycznej transportu osobowego i ciężarowego nie zrównoważy wzrostu zapotrzebowania na energię w transporcie drogowym. Przedstawione powyżej prawidłowości wyznaczają kluczowe wyzwanie stojące przed systemem transportowym – sprostanie ciągle rosnącemu zapotrzebowaniu na energię

Does the Lie Contradict the Truth?

The main task of this work is not to determine the bases for a moral evaluation of the lie; neither is it to describe its negative qualification. We are interested rather in the very problemate of the truth and the lie itself, considered as a juxtaposition of two of its notions: the truth and the lie, one that aims to provide a positive – as it would seem obvious – answer to the question contained in the title of the present work: Does the lie contradict the truth

On the Mutual Definability of the Notions of Entailment, Rejection, and Inconsistency

In this paper, two axiomatic theories T− and T′ are constructed, which are dual to Tarski’s theory T+ (1930) of deductive systems based on classical propositional calculus. While in Tarski’s theory T+ the primitive notion is the classical consequence function (entailment) Cn+, in the dual theory T− it is replaced by the notion of Słupecki’s rejection consequence Cn− and in the dual theory T′ it is replaced by the notion of the family Incons of inconsistent sets. The author has proved that the theories T+, T−, and T′ are equivalent

On the axiomatic systems of syntactically-categorial languages

The paper contains an overview of the most important results presented in the monograph of the author "Teorie Językow Syntaktycznie-Kategorialnych" ("Theories of Syntactically-Categorial Languages" (in Polish), PWN, Warszawa-Wrocław 1985. In the monograph four axiomatic systems of syntactically-categorial languages are presented. The first two refer to languages of expression-tokens. The others also takes into consideration languages of expression-types. Generally, syntactically-categorial languages are languages built in accordance with principles of the theory of syntactic categories introduced by S. Leśniewski [1929,1930]; they are connected with- the Ajdukiewicz’s work [1935] which was a continuation of Leśniewski’s idea and further developed and popularized in the research on categorial grammars, by Y. Bar-Hillel [1950,1953,1964]. To assign a suitable syntactic category to each word of the vocabulary is the main idea of syntactically-categorial approach to language. Compound expressions are built from the words of the vocabulary and then a suitable syntactic-category is assigned to each of them. A language built in this way should be decidable, which means that there should exist an algorithm for deciding about each expression of it, whether it is well-formed or is syntactically connected . The traditional, originating from Husserl, understanding of the syntactic category confronts some difficulties. This notion is defined by abstraction using the concept of affiliation of two expressions to the same syntactic category

Foreword

Wydano przy pomocy finansowej Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego oraz Komitetu Badań NaukowychZadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę