Evaluating the Agronomic Potential of Chickpea Germplasm for Western Nebraska

Th e chickpea or garbanzo bean (Cicer arietinum L.) shows promise as an alternative crop for Nebraska because it fi ts well with existing equipment, processors, and infrastructure. Initially chickpea production grew rapidly in Nebraska, but it declined in recent years because of Ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] and concern about the variability in yield, seed size, pest resistance, and quality of current varieties. Th erefore, we evaluated existing chickpea germplasm (Western Regional Chickpea Trial provided by USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA) under irrigated and dryland conditions at 11 environments in western Nebraska during 2005 to 2007 to identify lines that are well adapted to this region, have desirable yield and quality characteristics, and are resistant to Ascochyta blight. Th is paper reports fi ndings of the agronomic characteristic portion of the study. CA0090B347C and W6 17256 were the top yielding entries under both irrigated and dryland conditions and showed some resistance to Ascochyta blight however, their seed size did not meet commercial standards. Nevertheless, these lines show promise as parental germplasm for ongoing breeding eff orts. ‘Sierra’, a commercial cultivar, may be an acceptable alternative, though fungicides treatments will likely be needed to control blight. During these trials, only irrigated production was economically viable. Returns from the higher yielding entries were competitive and if achieved on a consistent basis would make chickpea a viable crop for this region. For dryland production to be feasible, the cost of production needs to be reduced and/or varieties need to be developed with improved yield and seed size under limited moisture conditions

Identification of Sources of Bacterial Wilt Resistance in Common Bean (\u3ci\u3ePhaseolus vulgaris\u3c/i\u3e)

Over the last decade, bacterial wilt, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, has reemerged in the Central High Plains (Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming) and has been identified in almost 500 fields. Affected fields were planted with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from multiple market classes and seed sources, including yellow, great northern, pinto, kidney, cranberry, black, navy, pink, and small red, and incidence varied from trace levels to \u3e90%. One wiltresistant bean, ‘Emerson’, is available today but it is grown on a limited basis as a specialized cultivar for targeted markets in Europe and cannot be grown in all fields where the disease has recently been identified. Thus, we are faced with an emerging problem that must be addressed by utilizing newly developed resistant cultivars. This study was initiated to evaluate the Phaseolus National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) bean collection for resistance to C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in the ongoing effort to develop a new wilt-resistant cultivar adapted to this region. In total, 467 entries, including accessions from the NPGS, several commercial great northern and pinto cultivars, and University of Nebraska experimental lines, were screened with a highly virulent orange strain of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens previously recovered from an infected great northern bean plant in Nebraska. Bacterial wilt severity ratings were 1.0 to 9.0 (0 to 90% incidence). Of the 427 accessions from the NPGS, only 1 showed resistance (0.23%), 19 showed intermediate resistances (4.45%), and the remainder were susceptible (95.34%). PI 325691 was identified as a source of bacterial wilt resistance. It was screened against six additional C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens strains and still produced resistant reactions. PI 325691 is a wild common bean (P. vulgaris) collected 8 miles South of Tzitzio, Michoacán, Mexico; however, it has a small seed size (5.3 g 100–1 seeds) that is commercially unacceptable. It will take several backcrosses to transfer this resistance to bacterial wilt and recover the seed size into a cultivated bean

Comparison of mass, F\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-derived family, and single-seed-descent selection methods in an interracial population of common bean

Knowledge of comparative effectiveness of different selection method is necessary for identification of superior genotypes, efficient management of populations, and use of available resources. Mass, F2-derived-family, and single-seed-descent (SSD) selection methods were compared in an interracial population (ICA pijao x Pinto UI 114) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The F2-derived-family -method involved elimination of low-yielding F2-derived families in replicated yield trials in F4, F5 and F6. Thirty-two random lines derived from each method and the two parents were evaluated in a replicates-in-set design in two contrasting environments in Colombia in 1992. Mean seed yield of lines derived from the SSD method was significantly lower than yields obtained from the other two methods. Mean yield of lines derived from the pedigree method was the highest, indicating that even a low intensity of selection for yield among F2-derived families was effective. The F2-derived-family method also retained a comparatively higher proportion of lines with lighter-colored medium-sized seeds and indeterminate prostrate type III growth habit. Lines with darker and smaller seeds predominated in the mass and SSD methods. These two groups also had more erect type II lines than did the F2-derived family method. On average, the SSD gave early maturing and the mass method late maturing lines. No line from any method outyielded ICA Pijao, the high-yielding parent. Two lines from the F2-derived-family method, four Iines from the mass method, and no lines from the SSD method significantly outyielded Pinto UI 114

EFFECT OF PLANT POPULATION IN GREAT NORTHERN AND PINTO BEAN PRODUCTION IN WESTERN NEBRASKA

INTRODUCTION In this project we explored the effect of plant population and row spacing on the yield and quality of great northern and pinto beans grown in Nebraska. This project builds on the findings from a preliminary non-replicated great northern variety trial conducted at Morrill, NE in 2014. That trial included four great northern cultivars with different plant architecture. In general, yields were reduced 18.8% (795 kg ha-1) when plant population increased from 251,152 to 300,715 plants ha-1. Yield reduction was greatest in ‘6107’ (24.7%) followed by ‘Marquis’ (20.1%), ‘Beryl-R’ (15.5%) and ‘Coyne’ (14.0%). In the current project we used replicated trials to evaluate the impact of plant population on two great northern and two pinto bean cultivars. Within each market class, one cultivar had a prostrate (III) and the other had an upright (II) growth habit. Our goal was to identify the optimal plant population and row spacing for each cultivar. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted during 2015 at the PREC-Scottsbluff, NE. Two great northern, ‘Marquis’ (III) and ‘Draco’ (II), and two pinto cultivars, Montrose (III) and Sinaloa (II) were planted in separate experiments at two row spacing (15 and 30 inches) and four plant populations. Target populations for the 30-inch row spacing were 45,000, 80,000, 100,000, and 120,000 plants/acre. Target populations for the 15-inch row spacing were 80,000, 100,000, 120,000, and 150,000 plants/acre. Four and seven rows were planted for the 30- and 15-inch row spacing experiments, respectively

EFFECT OF PLANT POPULATION IN GREAT NORTHERN AND PINTO BEAN PRODUCTION IN WESTERN NEBRASKA

INTRODUCTION In this project we explored the effect of plant population and row spacing on the yield and quality of great northern and pinto beans grown in Nebraska. This project builds on the findings from a preliminary non-replicated great northern variety trial conducted at Morrill, NE in 2014. That trial included four great northern cultivars with different plant architecture. In general, yields were reduced 18.8% (795 kg ha-1) when plant population increased from 251,152 to 300,715 plants ha-1. Yield reduction was greatest in ‘6107’ (24.7%) followed by ‘Marquis’ (20.1%), ‘Beryl-R’ (15.5%) and ‘Coyne’ (14.0%). In the current project we used replicated trials to evaluate the impact of plant population on two great northern and two pinto bean cultivars. Within each market class, one cultivar had a prostrate (III) and the other had an upright (II) growth habit. Our goal was to identify the optimal plant population and row spacing for each cultivar. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted during 2015 at the PREC-Scottsbluff, NE. Two great northern, ‘Marquis’ (III) and ‘Draco’ (II), and two pinto cultivars, Montrose (III) and Sinaloa (II) were planted in separate experiments at two row spacing (15 and 30 inches) and four plant populations. Target populations for the 30-inch row spacing were 45,000, 80,000, 100,000, and 120,000 plants/acre. Target populations for the 15-inch row spacing were 80,000, 100,000, 120,000, and 150,000 plants/acre. Four and seven rows were planted for the 30- and 15-inch row spacing experiments, respectively

Cultivo de Frijol en los Sistemas de Cultivos alrededor del Maíz

En esta presentación se habló sobre el cultivo de frijol en los sistemas de cultivos alrededor de maíz, esto se realiza a través de la asociación de ambos cultivos, mientras que se proporciona un espaciamiento en el cultivo de maíz, el frijol se encarga de la fijación biológica del nitrógeno en el suelo. Las consideraciones para los cultivos intercalados principalmente son: Escogencia y madurez de los cultivos, densidad de las plantas y tiempo de siembra

Inheritance of Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Four Tepary Bean Lines

High levels of resistance to common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye (Xcp) have been observed for tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray var. latifolius Freeman). However, the inheritance of resistance from this source is unknown for many lines. The inheritance of common bacterial blight resistance was studied in four tepary bean lines crossed with the susceptible tepary bean MEX-114. Progenies were inoculated with a single Xcp strain 484a. Segregation ratios in the F2 generation suggested that resistance in Neb-T-6-s and PI 321637-s was governed by one dominant gene, and Neb T-8a-s had two dominant genes with complementary effects. These hypotheses for inheritance of resistance were supported by various combinations of F1, F3, BC1Pn segregation data in all lines except PI 321637-s where an additional minor-effect gene with recessive inheritance was indicated. Generation means analyses corroborated that multiple resistance genes were present in PI 321638-s. Lack of segregation for susceptibility among testcrosses for allelism between Neb-T-6-s/PI 321637-s, Neb-T-6-s/Neb-T-8a-s, PI 321637-s/Neb-T- 8a-s, and PI 321637-s/PI 321638-s, suggested that one or more loci conditioning resistance to common bacterial blight were in common across the four tepary lines

Abiotic Diseases of Dry Beans

The environment plays a major role in the process of infection and disease development in plants by providing the conditions necessary for pathogens to cause disease. However, adverse environmental conditions or genetic abnormalities also may be responsible for plant damage. This type of damage often is referred to as abiotic disease or stresses. Many of the symptoms of these “diseases” may be confused with true dry bean diseases, thus this publication is designed to educate those working with dry bean on how to recognize abiotic problems and avoid unnecessary disease treatments. Genetic Disorders The genetic abnormalities leading to changes in color in dry beans include chimeras, leaf spotting, yellowing. or production of albino plants or seedlings. Chimeras are among the most common genetic disorders. These aberrations, which may be inherited, result from a single site (point) cell mutation or from outcrossing during seed production. They may occur any time in the season. In leaf tissues, they cause a loss of chlorophyll, giving the leaf a white to yellow variegation (Figure 1). General chlorosis or yellowing traits (Figure 2) also may be inherited and are not likely to cause significant damage. However, the albino seedlings that may be observed early in the season, usually do not survive due to a deficiency of chlorophyll (Figure 3)

Pinto Beans (\u3ci\u3ePhaseolus vulgaris\u3c/i\u3e L.) as a Functional Food: Implications on Human Health

Most foods are considered functional in terms of providing nutrients and energy to sustain daily life, but dietary systems that are capable of preventing or remediating a stressed or diseased state are classified as functional foods. Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contain high levels of chemically diverse components (phenols, resistance starch, vitamins, fructooligosaccharides) that have shown to protect against such conditions as oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and many types of cancer, thereby positioning this legume as an excellent functional food. Moreover, the United States has a rich dry bean history and is currently a top producer of dry beans in the world with pinto beans accounting for the vast majority. Despite these attributes, dry bean consumption in the US remains relatively low. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript is to review dry beans as an important US agricultural crop and as functional food for the present age with an emphasis on pinto beans

Bacterial Wilt of Dry Beans in Western Nebraska

Bacterial wilt of dry beans has reappeared in Nebraska dry bean fields. This NebGuide addresses symptoms and identification, life cycle, and management of bacterial wilt in dry beans. Bacterial wilt of dry beans, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), has been a sporadic — but often serious — production problem in dry beans throughout the irrigated High Plains since first being reported in South Dakota in 1922. It was first observed in western Nebraskadry bean production fields in the earlymid 1950s, and continued to be an endemic, economically important problem throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. The disease then only periodically appeared in seed, but had little detectable effect on yields after the implementation of crop rotation and seed sanitation practices The pathogen was again identified in 2003 for the first time in this area in almost 25 years. Over the last seven to eight years, it has fully re-emerged in the Central High Plains (Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming) and has now been identified from more than 400 fields. Affected fields were planted with dry beans from multiple market classes and seed sources, including yellows, great northern, pintos, kidneys, cranberries, blacks, navies, pinks, and small reds. Disease incidence in these fields has varied from trace levels to \u3e90 percent