The immune system and other cognitive systems

In the following pages we propose a theory on cognitive systems and the common strategies of perception, which are at the basis of their function. We demonstrate that these strategies are easily seen to be in place in known cognitive systems such as vision and language. Furthermore we show that taking these strategies into consideration implies a new outlook on immune function calling for a new appraisal of the immune system as a cognitive system

Detecting Low-Velocity Impact Damage in Composite Plates via a Minimization of Measured and Simulated Origin Approach

In this paper, a new method for identifying impact locations applying a comparative simulated approach of minimization of measurement error against simulated data in a composite carbon plate-like structure using acoustic Lamb wave is proposed and reviewed. The purposed model detects impact locations by using an error minimizing algorithm based on the measured Lamb waves from an actual real impact and demonstrates a high-level of flexibility. Furthermore, the proposed model can be straightforwardly calibrated for different velocities and other parameters inherent in carbon-based structures, reducing the effects of the structure’s anisotropic properties. In particular, the time of arrival of an impact signal is calculated by applying wavelet transform and threshold crossing methods. Experiment results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by presenting a very accurate detection rate of real low-velocity impacts on a carbon-based plate-like structure. This promising technique enables inspection and on-line monitoring of impacts on composite structures. Further developments of the suggested model are discussed, and are mainly focused on producing a velocity independent extension mode

Układ odpornościowy a inne systemy poznawcze

In the following pages we propose a theory on cognitive systems and the com-mon strategies of perception, which are at the basis of their function. We demon-strate that these strategies are easily seen to be in place in known cognitive sys-tems such as vision and language. Furthermore we show that taking these strat-egies into consideration implies a new outlook on immune function calling for a new appraisal of the immune system as a cognitive system

Cell studio: A platform for interactive, 3D graphical simulation of immunological processes

The field of computer modeling and simulation of biological systems is rapidly advancing, backed by significant progress in the fields of experimentation techniques, computer hardware, and programming software. The result of a simulation may be delivered in several ways, from numerical results, through graphs of the simulated run, to a visualization of the simulation. The vision of an in-silico experiment mimicking an in-vitro or in-vivo experiment as it is viewed under a microscope is appealing but technically demanding and computationally intensive. Here, we report “Cell Studio,” a generic, hybrid platform to simulate an immune microenvironment with biological and biophysical rules. We use game engines—generic programs for game creation which offer ready-made assets and tools—to create a visualized, interactive 3D simulation. We also utilize a scalable architecture that delegates the computational load to a server. The user may view the simulation, move the “camera” around, stop, fast-forward, and rewind it and inject soluble molecules into the extracellular medium at any point in time. During simulation, graphs are created in real time for a broad view of system-wide processes. The model is parametrized using a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI). We show a simple validation simulation and compare its results with those from a “classical” simulation, validated against a “wet” experiment. We believe that interactive, real-time 3D visualization may aid in generating insights from the model and encourage intuition about the immunological scenario

SIZE, LEVERAGE, AND DIVIDEND RECORD AS DETERMINANTS OF EQUITY RISK

BRIEF OF THIRD-PARTY DEFENDANT AND CO-RESPONDENT STATE OF UTAH; APPEAL FROM SUMMARY JUDGMENT OF DISMISSAL, HONORABLE DAVID S. YOUNG, JUDGE; AND APPEAL FROM DENIAL OF MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT HONORABLE JAMES S. SAWAYA, JUDGE OF THE THIRD JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT IN AND FOR SALT LAKE COUNT