Incidence trends in childhood onset IDDM in four countries around the Baltic sea during 1983-1992

Funding Information: Acknowledgements. This study was partly supported by theWe present secular trends of childhood onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the period of 1983-1992. Incidence data were obtained from the national IDDM registries. The average age-standardized incidence per 100,000/year was 35.0 in Finland, followed by 10.2 in Estonia, 7.1 in Lithuania and 6.5 in Latvia. A male excess in incidence was recorded in Finland (1.15) and Latvia (1.01). In all countries, the highest age-specific risk of IDDM was observed in the 11-13 year age range. The large difference in incidence between Finland and other Baltic countries was seen even in 1-2-year-old children. During the 10-year study period overall changes in incidence of IDDM were relatively small in these four countries. The incidence increased in Finland and Lithuania on average by 1% and 1.4% per year, respectively. A statistically significant increase was recorded only in 0-4 year old children in Finland, at 5.6% per year. In Estonia, an 8.3% increase in this age group, however, was not statistically significant The different trends in the age-group specific incidence rates were confirmed in Finland. In conclusion, from 1983 to 1992 the incidence of childhood onset IDDM was increasing in Finland and Lithuania, while in Latvia and Estonia it was stable. There are still great differences in IDDM incidence between the countries around the Baltic Sea.Peer reviewe

Effect of nanoscale curvature sign and bundle structure on supercritical H2 and CH4 adsorptivity of single wall carbon nanotube

The adsorptivities of supercritical CH(4) and H(2) of the external and internal tube walls of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) were determined. The internal tube wall of the negative curvature showed the higher adsorptivities for supercritical CH(4) and H(2) than the external tube wall of the positive curvature due to their interaction potential difference. Fine SWCNT bundles were prepared by the capillary force-aided drying treatment using toluene or methanol in order to produce the interstitial pore spaces having the strongest interaction potential for CH(4) or H(2); the bundled SWCNT showed the highest adsorptivity for supercritical CH(4) and H(2). It was clearly shown that these nanostructures of SWCNTs are crucial for supercritical gas adsorptivity.ArticleADSORPTION-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ADSORPTION SOCIETY. 17(3):643-651 (2011)journal articl

Onset of breast and pubic hair development in 1231 preadolescent Lithuanian schoolgirls

Background: Correct staging of puberty is essential in order to differentiate different pathologies, as various components of the endocrine system influence breast, pubic, and axillary hair development. Aims: To determine the current timing of adrenarche and breast development in Lithuanian preadolescent schoolgirls. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 1231 schoolgirls aged 7.0–11.6 years. Puberty was staged according to the method of Tanner. Mean age at entry into each pubertal stage was calculated by probit analysis. Results: Of the 255 girls aged 7 years, two had premature adrenarche (0.8%) and one premature thelarche (0.4%). Mean age of onset of pubic/axillary hair development was 11.0 years, and for breast development (Stage 2) 10.2 years. Breast Stage 3 development was attained at 11.3 years and Stage 4 at 13.9 years. Mean BMI, height, weight, and systolic blood pressure SD scores were higher in pubertal than in prepubertal girls. Skinfold thickness was also significantly higher in girls with isolated adrenarche than in prepubertal girls. The increase in BMI and weight resulted from an increase in body fat as evidenced by measures of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness. Girls with only signs of adrenarche or thelarche did not differ from each other from the anthropometric standpoint. Conclusions: Premature thelarche and premature adrenarche were relatively uncommon in this population. Pubertal onset was slightly earlier than the UK Tanner standards and tended to occur in girls with a higher BMI

Increasing incidence of childhood-onset type I diabetes in 3 Baltic countries and Finland 1983-1998

Aims/hypothesis. We aimed to study the incidence of Type I diabetes in 4 countries, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland, during 1983-1998, focusing on the two separate periods of 1983-1990 and 1991-1998. Methods. Population-based incidence data from nationwide diabetes registries were used. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates using the proportions of 39%, 32% and 29% for 5-year age groups (0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 years) were calculated. Yearly incidence was evaluated and the means between the two periods compared. Results. Between 1983-1990 and 1991-1998 there was a statistically significant incidence increase in all 4 countries of Estonia, Lativia, Lithuania and Finland (relative risk 1.15, 95%-Confidence interval 1.10-1.19) and as well as in the 3 Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (relative risk 1.13, 95%. Confidence interval 1.04-1.22). The crude incidence increased in Estonia from 10.1 (95%-Confidence interval 8.9-11.4) to 12.3 (11.0-13.8), in Latvia from 6.6 (5.8-7.3) to 7.4 (6.6-8.2) and in Lithuania from 6.8 (6.2-7.5) to 7.8 (7.1-8.5). In Finland the incidence rose from 34.6 (33.3-36.0) in 1983-1990 to 40.8 (39.4-42.2) in 1991-1998. In children under 5 years of a age a statistically important increase was seen in Estonia and Finland. The highest incidence for a single year was recorded for all participating countries in the late 1990 s. The highest annual incidence rate of childhood onset Type I diabetes in the world ever known was recorded in Finland in 1998 with 48.5 cases per 100 000 person-years. Conclusion/hypothesis. The incidence of Type I diabetes has increased since 1983 in the three Baltic states as well as in Finland. Long-term monitoring is needed for a better detection in changes in incidence.publishersversionPeer reviewe