Respons Fungsional Burung Pentet (Lanius SP.) terhadap Belalang Kembara (Locusta Migratoria Manilensis)

The functional response of predatory bird, Lanius sp. (Passeriformes: Laniidae) on migratory locust [Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)] had been studied under restricted condition. The migratory locusts were reared in the green house. Second and fourth nymph instars along with adult stages of the migratory locust were used in this trial. Maximum feeding and functional response of the predatory bird against the migratory locust were determined. Research protocol used follows Holling\u27s model. Results showed that the maximum feeding of the predatory bird was very high i.e. against 2nd and 4th instars and adult of the locust were 2.75 preys/minute, 0.13 preys/minute, and 0.09 preys/minute; respectively. The relationship between predatory bird and migratory locust fitted with the Holling\u27 s type 2 functional response. The high feeding rate of the predatory bird revealed that the bird is a promising candidate of biological control agent on migratory locust. Penelitian respons fungsional burung predator jenis pentet, Lanius sp. (Passeriformes: Laniidae) terhadap belalang kembara Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) telah dilakukan secara terbatas di laboratorium. Belalang kembara dibiakkan secara massal di rumah kaca. Belalang kembara yang dipakai dalam penelitian adalah nimfa instar 2, 4, dan imago umur 1 hari setelah ganti kulit. Penelitian antara lain menentukan kemampuan memangsa maksimum dan analisis respons fungsional. Prosedur kerja penelitian mengikuti prosedur model Holling. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan memangsa burung pentet terhadap belalang kembara sangat tinggi; terhadap instar 2 , 4 dan imago masing-masing 2,75 ekor/menit, 0,13 ekor/menit, dan 0,09 ekor/menit. Respons fungsional burung pentet terhadap belalang kembara mengikuti respons fungsional Holling tipe 2. Daya makan yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa burung pentet berpotensi sebagai agens pengendalian hayati belalang kembara

Resurjensi Serangga Hama Karena Perubahan Fisiologi Tanaman dan Serangga Sasaran Setelah Aplikasi Insektisida

The use of insecticides at sub-lethal dosage may induce insect resurgence. Factors contributing the insect resurgence include mortality of natural enemies, mass migration, improvement in plant nutrition, or increase in insect reproductive capacity which works individually or in combinations. This article provides a comprehensive review from recent publications, particularly those dealing with the impact of insecticide applications on plant nutrition and insect reproduction, and function to upgrade our knowledge since most publications in Indonesia were made in the 1980s. The insecticides together with its metabolites and conjugates could function as plant growth regulators, increase absorption, improve the nutritional content, influence the biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the plant, or protect the plant from stresses. An increase in the nutritional value of the plant would increase feeding rate, fecundity, and longevity of the insects. Furthermore, insecticides could also directly stimulate the reproductive capacity of the insect. All of these impacts might end up in increasing the population of insect after application of certain insecticides. Research findings related to the elucidation on the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of resurgence could be used in considering the registration of new insecticides or extension of the existing insecticides. Salah satu dampak penggunaan insektisida khususnya pada dosis subletal adalah timbulnya resurjensi serangga hama. Resurjensi serangga hama dapat terjadi melalui mekanisme berkurang/matinya musuh alami, migrasi massal, peningkatan nutrisi tanaman, atau stimulasi langsung reproduksi serangga (hormoligosis), dimana masing-masing faktor bekerja sendiri atau kombinasi.Tulisan tentang resurjensi di Indonesia banyak dipublikasikan pada tahun 1980-an.Tulisan inimerupakan formulasi hasil penelitian terbaru tentang resurjensi, khususnya terkait dengan faktor tanaman dan serangga sasaran. Insektisida, metabolitnya ataupun konjugat yang terbentuk dalam tanaman dapat memacu pertumbuhan tanaman (plant growth regulator), memacu serapan hara, meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi tanaman, memengaruhi aspek ultrastruktural dan biokimia tanaman, atau sebagai pelindung stres tanaman. Insektisida juga dapat berperan langsung sebagai stimulan reproduksi serangga. Nutrisi tanaman akan mempengaruhi laju makan, keperidian, dan lama hidup (longevity) imago, yang pada akhirnya akan menuju pada resurjensi serangga hama. Hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru tentang mekanisme resurjensi serangga hama dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam pendaftaran insektisida baru

Fluktuasi Populasi Wereng Coklat (Nilaparvata Lugens Stal) di Kalitirto YOGYAKARTA Selama 10 Musim Padi

Population observations of the brown planthopper and its predators were conducted at Kalitirto Agriculture Experimentation Station, Yogyakarta during 10 seasons from 1986/1987 Planting Season up to 1991/1992. Five rice varieties were planted under randomized completely block design consisted of one susceptible varieties (IR 36 and IR 64). No pesticides applied during the experimentation.The data showed that BPH populations were constantly low and under subeconomic condition. The BPH populations tend to decrease from first season to the following seasons. The populations of BPH were fully controlled by the population of predators complex. The total of predator populations always surpasses BPH population in every season. The ratio of predators and BPH's population were increasing as planting seasons went along. The level of BPH resistance of rice varieties do not affect the fluctuation of BPH population and the total predators and BPH populations ratio

Pelembagaan Konsep Pengendalian Hama Terpadu di Indonesia

Indonesia for a period of ten years (1989-1999) has trained more than one million farmers through a national programme of IPM Farmers\u27 Field School especially on riceand other food crops. The success of farmers training based on participatory approach in Indonesia has been recognized globally as one of the pioneer of the Ecological Integrated Pest Management paradigm. The follow-up activities after the National IPM Programme which need to be done is to institutionalize IPM concept among government, industries and community institutions. Due to the presence of conflicts between ecological IPM paradigm and technological IPM paradigm which formally and legally supported by the government and the industry, processes of institutionalization of IPM in Indonesia will require a large efforts and funds, and take a long time

Dampak Pengendalian Hama Terpadu terhadap Pendaftaran dan Penggunaan Pestisida di Indonesia

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) legally has been adopted as the principle of crop protection practices in Indonesia since 1992 through the release of Law No.12 /1992 on Crop Husbandry System and Government Regulation No.6/1995 on Crop Protection. Data was collected from the national registration authority and the national statistic agency for evaluating the impact of IPM policy to the registration and use of pesticides by farmers. The data showed that the number of registered pesticide formulations, and the production and distribution of pesticides have increased since 1989. The number of formulations reached the peak in 2002 with a total of 813. On the other hand, the production was most in 1996 (80,000 ton) and the highest use of pesticide by rice farmer occurred in 1991 (4,72 kg pesticide/ha). Most of present registered pesticide formulations are generic. The data indicated that nationally IPM has not been significantly altered the registration, distribution and uses of pesticides by farmers in Indonesia. Comprehensive and integrated efforts must be established and implemented seriously by all stakeholders to institutionalize and implement IPM

Karakter Populasi Wereng Hijau, Nephotettix Virescens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) di Wilayah Endemi dan Non Endemi Penyakit Tungro Padi

The objectives of this research were to determine the species composition, distribution pattern and virus transmission properties of N. virescens. Sweep net sampling of the leafhopper and others tungro vectors population were conducted from endemic areas in Central Java, East Java and Bali and also non endemic areas from Central Java and East Java. The species composition and distribution pattern of the leafhopper were studied in seedbeds and early stage of rice crop (30 days after transplanting). Inoculation test using Cisadane seedlings was conducted to determine the efficiency of virus transmission by N. virescens colonies. Four tungro virus vectors were found in all areas, namely N. virescens, N. nigropictus, N. malayanus, and Recilia sp. The domination of N. virescens occurred either in the endemic area or the non endemic areas. However, the domination of N. virescens did not correlate with the occurrence of the disease in the endemic area. The distribution pattern of N. virescens was regular. The number of N. virescens active transmitter in the endemic area was higher than that in the non-endemic areas. In addition, the female of N. virescens was more efficient in transmitting the tungro virus than that of the male

Pengaruh Minyak Atsiri Asal Kulit Jeruk Manis dan Besar terhadap Perkembangan Tungau Panonychus Citri (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

P. citri (Acarina: Tetranychidae) is one of the economically important citrus pests in Indonesia. However, the association of this pest with its host is not well understood. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange and pumello fruit peels on the development of P. citri. The research was conducted in the laboratory of IP2TP Tlekung Malang, using a complete random design consisted of six treatments. Fifteen mites were used for each treatment. The treatments were concentrations 10, 20, 40, and 80 ppm of essential oil. Parafin was used as a positive control because it was a diluting solution for the essential oil. The control received no application. The result showed that the main content of essential oil extracted from sweet orange and pumello was limonene. The essential oils prolonged the life cycle and reduced the fecundity of P. citri. The effects of essential oil extracted from pumello were found to be more pronounced than were from sweet orange. These differences might be due to the differences in the composition of the volatile compounds other than limonene