Money Management in Lesbian and Gay Couples, 2004-2006

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Same-sex relationships have become increasingly accepted within wider society alongside more traditional forms of partnership. Although there has been a considerable amount of research into understanding domestic arrangements within heterosexual households, this is not the case for same-sex households. In particular, little or no research has been carried out on money management in same-sex households. The study intended to address this gap and to develop a more complete understanding of domestic economies in today’s society. The main aims of Money Management in Lesbian and Gay Couples, 2004-2006 were to investigate:how same-sex couples manage their financespotential links between money management practices and relationship beliefshow money management in same-sex couples compares with heterosexual couplesviews on civil partnership legislationThe study comprised qualitative in-depth interviews and a quantitative survey which looked at financial practices, relationships and civil partnership beliefs in lesbians and gay men. The qualitative interviews are not available for secondary analysis due to confidentially reasons. Further details of the analysis of these are available in the user guide.Main Topics:The main topics covered in the questionnaire are: legal recognition of same-sex relationshipsmoney management beliefs and practicesbasic demographic details</ul

Gaming the System: An Investigation of Small Business Owners’ Attitudes to Tax Avoidance, Tax Planning, and Tax Evasion

To a large extent, the body of research that looks at individuals’ compliance with the law focuses on the dichotomy between compliance as rule-following and noncompliance as rule-breaking. However, a fascinating case of noncompliance is that where individuals selectively follow existing rules in order to circumvent the legal principle, this behaviour has been termed ‘creative compliance.’ In the current study, we investigated the psychological underpinnings of ‘creative compliance’ by assessing the attitudes of tax avoidance (significant minimisation of tax liability perceived to be legal) and tax evasion (illegal tax minimisation) of 330 owners of small businesses. We found that tax avoidance and tax evasion were perceived as qualitatively distinct by respondents and that they were predicted by different factors. While both tax avoidance and tax evasion were associated with weak personal norms to contribute to the tax system, tax avoidance was associated with a perception that the tax system is unfair, and that tax law has ‘loopholes’ that can be exploited, while tax evasion was predicted by the perception that evasion is a trivial crime. Overall, we provide insight into the under-investigated behaviour of ‘creative compliance’ and propose future research directions.© 2019 by the author

Cognitive Function and Ageing Study - Wales: Waves 1-2, 2011-2016

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Cognitive Function and Ageing Study - Wales (CFAS-Wales) is a longitudinal study looking at health and cognitive function in older people living in Wales, building on the design and infrastructure of the successful Cognitive Function and Ageing Study collaboration (CFAS). Recruitment for CFAS Wales began in 2011 with the follow up wave (2 years after initial interview) being completed in early 2016.This study provides data complementing that from an earlier survey conducted in the mid 1990s (CFAS-I), and is closely linked to the MRC-CFAS II project based in three sites in England. MRC CFAS I (1989–2011) included six centres across England and Wales - Cambridgeshire, Gwynedd, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford and Liverpool. CFAS II (2008 onwards) included three centres in England - Cambridgeshire, Newcastle and Nottingham. Both studies are available from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study website. Information about CFAS-Wales is available from the CFAS-Wales webpages and the CFAS-Wales Bangor University website Following on from CFAS-I, the present study established a new cohort of 3,500 older people (aged 65+) enabling an evaluation of changes that have occurred over the last 15 years in lifestyle, including exercise and activities, and people's expectations of ageing, services and families, to be conducted. At wave 2, 2,237 people were re-interviewed. The initial sample was drawn at random from GP lists in the participating areas, with equal numbers from those aged 65-75 and those over 75. People living in care homes were included in the sample. Participants were interviewed in English or Welsh, according to their preference. The aims of CFAS Wales were broad and include examinations of activity and participation, social networks and social resources, health and cognitive function, cognitive reserve and lifestyle factors, resilience and adaptation and environmental influences. The standard CFAS interview has been augmented for CFAS Wales with additional measures relating to loneliness, life satisfaction, resilience, use of Welsh (and other) language(s), and (at wave 2) personality, social cohesion, financial resources and access to services. The interview at each wave includes the CAMCOG cognitive tests, and allows the AGECAT diagnostic algorithms to be run, for dementia, depression and anxiety disorders. Main Topics:Ageing and: health; cognitive function; cognitive reserve; social networks; resilience; nutrition; physical activity; bilingualism

Supplementary material from "Honesty and dishonesty in gossip strategies: a fitness interdependence analysis"

Gossip, or sharing information about absent others, has been identified as an effective solution to free rider problems in situations with conflicting interests. Yet, the information transmitted via gossip can be biased, because gossipers may send dishonest information about others for personal gains. Such dishonest gossip makes reputation-based cooperation more difficult to evolve. But when are people likely to share honest or dishonest gossip? We build formal models to provide the theoretical foundation for individuals' gossip strategies taking into account the gossiper's fitness interdependence with the receiver and the target. Our models across four different games suggest a very simple rule: when there is a perfect match (mismatch) between fitness interdependence and the effect of honest gossip, the gossiper should always be honest (dishonest); however, in the case of a partial match, the gossiper should make a choice based on their fitness interdependence with the receiver and the target and the marginal cost/benefit in terms of pay-off differences caused by possible choices of the receiver and the target in the game. Moreover, gossipers can use this simple rule to make optimal decisions even under noise. We discuss empirical examples that support the predictions of our model and potential extensions.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’

An epigenome-wide association meta-analysis of prenatal maternal stress in neonates: A model approach for replication

Prenatal maternal stress exposure has been associated with neonatal differential DNA methylation. However, the available evidence in humans is largely based on candidate gene methylation studies, where only a few CpG sites were evaluated. The aim of this study was to examine the association between prenatal exposure to maternal stress and offspring genome-wide cord blood methylation using different methods. First, we conducted a meta-analysis and follow-up pathway analyses. Second, we used novel region discovery methods [i.e., differentially methylated regions (DMRs) analyses]. To this end, we used data from two independent population-based studies, the Generation R Study (n = 912) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, n = 828), to (i) measure genome-wide DNA methylation in cord blood and (ii) extract a prenatal maternal stress composite. The meta-analysis (ntotal = 1,740) revealed no epigenome-wide (meta

An epigenome-wide association meta-analysis of prenatal maternal stress in neonates: A model approach for replication

Prenatal maternal stress exposure has been associated with neonatal differential DNA methylation. However, the available evidence in humans is largely based on candidate gene methylation studies, where only a few CpG sites were evaluated. The aim of this study was to examine the association between prenatal exposure to maternal stress and offspring genome-wide cord blood methylation using different methods. First, we conducted a meta-analysis and follow-up pathway analyses. Second, we used novel region discovery methods [i.e., differentially methylated regions (DMRs) analyses]. To this end, we used data from two independent population-based studies, the Generation R Study (n = 912) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, n = 828), to (i) measure genome-wide DNA methylation in cord blood and (ii) extract a prenatal maternal stress composite. The meta-analysis (ntotal = 1,740) revealed no epigenome-wide (meta