Multi-layer graphene FET compact circuit-level model with temperature effects

This paper presents a circuit-level model of a dual-gate bilayer and four layer graphene field effect transistor (GFET). The model provides an accurate estimation of the conductance at the charge neutrality point (CNP). At the CNP the device has its maximum resistance, at which the model is validated against experimental data of the device off-current for a range of electric fields perpendicular to the channel. The model shows a good agreement for validations carried out at constant and varying temperatures. Using the general Schottky equation, the model estimates the amount of bandgap opening created by the application of an electric field. Also the model shows good agreement when validated against experiment for the channel output conductance against varying gate voltage for both a bilayer and four layer graphene channel

Detoxification of cassava leaves by simple traditional methods

Cassava leaves, which usually contain large quantities of cyanogenic glycosides, were processed into a Zairian traditional vegetable sauce ‘Mpondu’ by simple methods which included blanching (10 min), mashing and then boiling for 20–80 min. These methods enhanced the detoxification of the leaves, with blanching alone resulting in the loss of 57% of the free (non-glycosidic) cyanide content and of 60% of the bound (glycosidic) cyanide. It is presumed that losses of cyanide during these processes would be accounted for in volatile HCN, its derivatives and in the boiling water

The Public Health Significance of Pathogens Isolated from .. Kunun-Zaki .. , Sold in Retail Outlets in Zaria, Nigeria

This study assesses the presence and antimicrobial sensitivity of some pathogens and the enterotoxigenicity of Bacillus cereus isolated from "Kunun-zaki". Counts of B. cereus and S. aureU.\\ the isolation oCEschericlzia r:oli, Salmonella and Shigella and the antimicrobial sensitivity or the pathogens were carried out using standard procedures. The processing of kunun-zaki by one producer was studied to note the possible points of contamination. The ability of B. cereus to produce toxin was tested using ileal loop technique. Out of 240 samples of "kunun-zaki" purchased from retail 4 I outlets, 105 had B. cereus counts ofless than 10 cells rnf . / ., -1 S. aureus counts ranged from 68 to 7 .2x 10- cells ml . All the samples were contaminated with B. cereus, 221(92.1 %) had E. coli and 216(90.0%) had S. au reus. Salmonella and Shigella were not present in any of the products. The pathogenic bacteria isolated were alpha and beta haemolytic S. aureus, faecal strains of E. coli and enterotoxin producing B. cereus. The pathogens were highly sensitive to Floxacin, Gentamycin and Tetracycline. These agents are however, not in common use for the treatment of infections caused by the pathogens isolated. The high frequency of contamination and antimicrobial resistant patterns observed, calls for hygienic handling and control processing ofkununzaki, to reduce hazards to health