The Estimation of Peatlands Reserve on Carbon in the Forest and Shrubs That Has Been Drained

Global warming and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) became a hot issue in the world today. An increased concentration of carbon in the atmosphere becomes one of the serious problems that can affect life on Earth. Peatlands pointed out as one of the sources of GHG emissions. Drainage of peatlands cause decreased water level so that the decomposition process is faster on a layer above the groundwater table, thus affecting the chemical characteristics of peat. In addition to affecting the ground water level, drainage also leads to a decrease in surface height peat soil (subsidence). Given the magnitude of the role of drainage and land use types in affecting carbon stocks and emissions of CO2 on peat soil, this study is to measure carbon stocks and emissions of CO2 on peat soil in forests and shrubs that have been drained. CO2 emissions increase with the closer spacing of the drainage channel that is at a distance of 50 m to 500 m of drainage channels. Meanwhile, at a distance of 5 m and 10 m of the drainage channel can not be concluded because of the condition of ground water that is stagnant at the time of sampling gas, so be very low CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions on the use of forest land are higher than the shrub land

PVC-silika kompozit malzemelerinin geliştirilmesi

Bu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır. Yayınlanma izni olmayan tezlerin basılı kopyalarına Üniversite kütüphaneniz aracılığıyla (TÜBESS üzerinden) erişebilirsiniz.213 The adsorption isotherms were obtained for composite samples and even for silica component using Cahn Microbalance (CAHN 2000) equipment. A mezoporic structure observed with Type-IV isotherm and \0O.O m /g surface area of silica were determined. 0.13-1.65 % water vapor adsorption capacity of composites was also observed on Microbalance apparatus. Although the diminished water vapor adsorption effect of it, the silane modification enhances the mechanical strenght via the improvement of the silica-PVC interface of the composite. This modification lowered the mechanical strength decrease on wet application of the present study about 6.6 % and hindered the migration of DOP from composite about 24 %. Silane application resulted even in smoother and thinner composites. The comparative study showed that although the composites were weaker from the point of the solubility of the water vapor compared to leather, the water vapor permeability in composite was very close to that of 3 leather. Solubility values were 115 and 1-7 cm 3 -5-6 water/cm.cmHg) and permeabilities were ~10 and ~10 3 2 (cm water (STP ). cm/s) / { cm.cmHg) for leather and composites, respectively. Permeability feature of composites were mainly provided by their porojus structure similar to that of leather. The effective diffusion coefficients of water in leather and composites were 10~ and 10~ m /s, respectively. In conclusion} comparison with leather showed that the composite developed in the present study was very promising as a leather substituent for the production of shoe-insole.213 The adsorption isotherms were obtained for composite samples and even for silica component using Cahn Microbalance (CAHN 2000) equipment. A mezoporic structure observed with Type-IV isotherm and \0O.O m /g surface area of silica were determined. 0.13-1.65 % water vapor adsorption capacity of composites was also observed on Microbalance apparatus. Although the diminished water vapor adsorption effect of it, the silane modification enhances the mechanical strenght via the improvement of the silica-PVC interface of the composite. This modification lowered the mechanical strength decrease on wet application of the present study about 6.6 % and hindered the migration of DOP from composite about 24 %. Silane application resulted even in smoother and thinner composites. The comparative study showed that although the composites were weaker from the point of the solubility of the water vapor compared to leather, the water vapor permeability in composite was very close to that of 3 leather. Solubility values were 115 and 1-7 cm 3 -5-6 water/cm.cmHg) and permeabilities were ~10 and ~10 3 2 (cm water (STP ). cm/s) / { cm.cmHg) for leather and composites, respectively. Permeability feature of composites were mainly provided by their porojus structure similar to that of leather. The effective diffusion coefficients of water in leather and composites were 10~ and 10~ m /s, respectively. In conclusion} comparison with leather showed that the composite developed in the present study was very promising as a leather substituent for the production of shoe-insole.212 SUMMARY In the present study a PVC-silica composite which can be used for the production of shoe-insole was developed. The strength of the composite was enhanced using silanized silica as filler component. The porous structure of the composite was mainly provided via the utilization of plastlsol-plastigel technology. The capacity of water vapor adsorption and the permeability of the composite were improved by the introduction of precipitated silica into the platisol composition. It was anticipated that the highly porous and highly hydrophilic character of silica would be reflected into composites. Thus the composite samples having varying amount of silica were prepared basically as silanized and non- silanized types. As a conclusion, the contribution of the effect of both the introduction of silica and its silane modification onto the composite structure were the main interests of the study. The product which is basicl\y a PVC-based material was plasticized by 60 phr DOP. Synergetic zinc-calcium stearete mixture and EPSO (epoxidized soybean oil) were used as the thermal stabilizers to prevent the product from thermal degradation effect of the high temperature application of the gelling process. After the evacuation of the entrapped air which takes place into the plastisols, 50 bar pressure and 140°C temperature were applied onto them between A 314 stainless steel plates for 16 minutes. The plastigel sheets were removed from the- die plates after cooling down to 40-50°C. Platigel samples were about 0.5 mm thick for strength tests and about 0.2 mm for the other tests.213 The adsorption isotherms were obtained for composite samples and even for silica component using Cahn Microbalance (CAHN 2000) equipment. A mezoporic structure observed with Type-IV isotherm and \0O.O m /g surface area of silica were determined. 0.13-1.65 % water vapor adsorption capacity of composites was also observed on Microbalance apparatus. Although the diminished water vapor adsorption effect of it, the silane modification enhances the mechanical strenght via the improvement of the silica-PVC interface of the composite. This modification lowered the mechanical strength decrease on wet application of the present study about 6.6 % and hindered the migration of DOP from composite about 24 %. Silane application resulted even in smoother and thinner composites. The comparative study showed that although the composites were weaker from the point of the solubility of the water vapor compared to leather, the water vapor permeability in composite was very close to that of 3 leather. Solubility values were 115 and 1-7 cm 3 -5-6 water/cm.cmHg) and permeabilities were ~10 and ~10 3 2 (cm water (STP ). cm/s) / { cm.cmHg) for leather and composites, respectively. Permeability feature of composites were mainly provided by their porojus structure similar to that of leather. The effective diffusion coefficients of water in leather and composites were 10~ and 10~ m /s, respectively. In conclusion} comparison with leather showed that the composite developed in the present study was very promising as a leather substituent for the production of shoe-insol

Use, Preparation, and Characterization of Copper-Containing Silica Gel

Balkose, Devrim/0000-0002-1117-9486WOS: 000537733800019The preparation and characterization of humidity-indicating silica gel containing copper sulfate were aimed at in the present study. the equilibrium and kinetics of Cu(II) sorption were investigated by contacting 200-1600 mg dm(-3) Cu ion-containing solutions with silica hydrogel slabs having 10% silica. the diffusion coefficient of Cu(II) in silica hydrogel was determined to be on the order of 10(-10) m(2) s(-1). X-ray diffraction indicated that the gels contained mainly CuSO4 center dot 3H(2)O, CuSO4 center dot H2O, and small amounts of CuSO4 and CuSiO3 center dot 2H(2)O. the silica gel with Cu(II) can be used as a humidity indicator since its color changes from light blue to dark blue upon moisture adsorption

Characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) powder produced by emulsion polymerization

10th Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis (CCTA 10)/2nd Czech-Hungarian-Polish-Slovakian Thermoanalytical Conference -- AUG 30-SEP 03, 2009 -- Zakopane, POLANDWOS: 000281027500056The effect of emulsion process formulation ingredients on the morphology, structure, and properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) powder has been considered in this study. PVC powder was extracted with ethanol and films were obtained by solvent casting from tetrahydrofurane. Characterization of powders, films, and ethanol extract was performed through FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, AFM, SEM, EDX analysis, methylene blue, and nitrogen adsorption. PVC powder was composed of spheres of a large particle size range from 10 nm to 20 mu m as shown by SEM. The specific surface area of the PVC powder was determined as 16 and 12 m(2) g(-1) from methylene blue adsorption at 25 A degrees C and from N-2 adsorption at -196 A degrees C, respectively. AFM indicated the surface roughness of the films obtained by pressing the particles was 25.9 nm. Density of PVC powder was determined by helium pycnometry as 1.39 g cm(-3). FTIR spectroscopy indicated that it contained carbonyl and carboxylate groups belonging to additives such as surface active agents, plasticizers, and antioxidants used in production of PVC. These additives were 1.6% in mass of PVC as determined by ethanol extraction. EDX analysis showed PVC particles surfaces were coated with carbon-rich materials. The coatings had plasticizer effect since, glass transition temperature was lower than 25 A degrees C for PVC powder and it was 80 A degrees C for ethanol extracted powders as found by using differential scanning calorimetry. These additives from polymerization process made PVC powder more thermally stable as understood from Metrom PVC thermomat tests as well.Polish Soc Calorimetry & Thermal Ana

A study of adsorption of water vapour on wool under static and dynamic conditions

Adsorption of water vapour on wool provides not only textile comfort, but also convenience in transportation due to increase in its bulk density. The adsorption and desorption isotherms of water vapour for wool were determined by both volumetric technique using a Coulter Omnisorp 100CX instrument and gravimetric method employing a Cahn 2000 electronic microbalance. Adsorption isotherm fitting to B.E.T. model and hysteresis on desorption was observed. The average effective diffusion coefficient of water in wool was found to be 8.4 × 10-14 m2 s-1 at 25°C from gravimetric data. The effects of packing height and air velocity on the breakthrough curves were also investigated in the wool packed columns. For pseudo first order model, k values changing between 0.33 × 10-6 -69 × 10-6 s-1 was obtained for 2.2-6.4 cm s-1 air velocity and 0.05-0.20 m packing height ranges

Production of a Polymeric Composite Material Filled With Halogen-Free Flame Retardant

3rd International Polymeric Composites Symposium, Exhibition and Workshop -- NOV 09-11, 2012 -- Izmir, TURKEYWOS: 000324846300003In the present study a composite material to be used in cable industry, which has LDPE/EVA (low density polyethylene/ ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) polymer blend and alumina trihydrate (ATH) filler, which is a halogen-free flame retardant (EFFR), has been formulated and characterized in terms of its mechanical, rheological and flame retardant properties comparing with the commercial mixtures. Composite blends having 40% polymer component with various PE/EVA ratio and two PE type and 60% ATH were prepared. As the EVA content of composites increased from 26% to 65% the storage modulus increased by 180-220%, viscosity increases by %61-107. Composites containing 65% EVA exhibit similar properties to the commercial one. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value was found as 30 for composites containing 26 mass% of EVA, it increased to 32-34 when EVA content increased to 65 mass%