Effect of calcium phosphate and vitamin D3supplementation on bone remodelling and metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of calcium phosphate and/or vitamin D(3) on bone and mineral metabolism. METHODS: Sixty omnivorous healthy subjects participated in the double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel designed study. Supplements were tricalcium phosphate (CaP) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3)). At the beginning of the study (baseline), all subjects documented their normal nutritional habits in a dietary record for three successive days. After baseline, subjects were allocated to three intervention groups: CaP (additional 1 g calcium/d), vitamin D(3) (additional 10 μg/d) and CaP + vitamin D(3). In the first two weeks, all groups consumed placebo bread, and afterwards, for eight weeks, the test bread according to the intervention group. In the last week of each study period (baseline, placebo, after four and eight weeks of intervention), a faecal (three days) and a urine (24 h) collection and a fasting blood sampling took place. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron were determined in faeces, urine and blood. Bone formation and resorption markers were analysed in blood and urine. RESULTS: After four and eight weeks, CaP and CaP + vitamin D(3) supplementations increased faecal excretion of calcium and phosphorus significantly compared to placebo. Due to the vitamin D(3) supplementations (vitamin D(3), CaP + vitamin D(3)), the plasma 25-(OH)D concentration significantly increased after eight weeks compared to placebo. The additional application of CaP led to a significant increase of the 25-(OH)D concentration already after four weeks. Bone resorption and bone formation markers were not influenced by any intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with daily 10 μg vitamin D(3) significantly increases plasma 25-(OH)D concentration. The combination with daily 1 g calcium (as CaP) has a further increasing effect on the 25-(OH)D concentration. Both CaP alone and in combination with vitamin D(3) have no beneficial effect on bone remodelling markers and on the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT0129702

Habitual Intakes, Food Sources and Excretions of Phosphorus and Calcium in Three German Study Collectives

Phosphorus intake in Europe is far above recommendations. We present baseline data from three human intervention studies between 2006 and 2014 regarding intake and excretion of phosphorus and calcium. All subjects documented their nutritional habits in weighed dietary records. Fasting blood samples were drawn, and feces and urine were quantitatively collected. Dietary phosphorus intake was estimated based on weighed dietary records and urine phosphorus excretions. Food sources were identified by allocation to defined food product groups. Average phosphorus consumption was 1338 mg/day and did not change from 2006 to 2014, while calcium intake decreased during this period (1150 to 895 mg/day). The main sources for phosphorus intake were bread/cereal products, milk/milk products and meat/meat products/sausage products and the main sources of calcium intake included milk/milk products/cheese, bread/cereal products and beverages. There was no difference between estimated phosphorus intake from the weighed dietary records and urine phosphorus excretion. In conclusion, we demonstrated constant phosphorus intakes far above the recommendations and decreasing calcium intakes below the recommendations in three German collectives from 2006 to 2014. Furthermore, we could show in case of usual intakes that an estimated phosphorus intake from urine phosphorus excretion is similar to the calculated intake from weighed dietary records

Habitual Intakes, Food Sources and Excretions of Phosphorus and Calcium in Three German Study Collectives

Phosphorus intake in Europe is far above recommendations. We present baseline data from three human intervention studies between 2006 and 2014 regarding intake and excretion of phosphorus and calcium. All subjects documented their nutritional habits in weighed dietary records. Fasting blood samples were drawn, and feces and urine were quantitatively collected. Dietary phosphorus intake was estimated based on weighed dietary records and urine phosphorus excretions. Food sources were identified by allocation to defined food product groups. Average phosphorus consumption was 1338 mg/day and did not change from 2006 to 2014, while calcium intake decreased during this period (1150 to 895 mg/day). The main sources for phosphorus intake were bread/cereal products, milk/milk products and meat/meat products/sausage products and the main sources of calcium intake included milk/milk products/cheese, bread/cereal products and beverages. There was no difference between estimated phosphorus intake from the weighed dietary records and urine phosphorus excretion. In conclusion, we demonstrated constant phosphorus intakes far above the recommendations and decreasing calcium intakes below the recommendations in three German collectives from 2006 to 2014. Furthermore, we could show in case of usual intakes that an estimated phosphorus intake from urine phosphorus excretion is similar to the calculated intake from weighed dietary records

Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Blood Lipids and Intestinal Sterols in Human Intervention Studies Using Different Sources of Phosphate as Supplements—Pooled Results and Literature Search

Phosphates are associated with negative physiological effects. The objectives of this publication were to compare differential effects of supplementation with calcium phosphate or phosphate alone in healthy humans. Four adult human studies were conducted with pentacalcium hydroxy-trisphosphate supplementation (CaP; 90 subjects) and their data were pooled for assessment. For literature search; PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge were used and 21 items were assigned to three main topics. The pooled study results show that following CaP supplementation, faecal calcium and phosphorus and urinary calcium were increased, blood lipids were positively modulated, and faecal bile acids were increased, as compared with placebo. The literature search reveals that following calcium phosphate supplementation, urinary calcium was increased. Following solely phosphate supplementation, urinary phosphorus was increased and urinary calcium was decreased. Postprandial calcium concentrations were increased following calcium phosphate supplementation. Postprandial phosphate concentrations were increased following solely phosphate supplementation. Calcium phosphate supplementation resulted in rather positively modulated blood lipids and gut-related parameters. The presented results show the relevance to distinguish between calcium phosphate and solely phosphate supplementations, and the importance of a balanced calcium and phosphorus intake

Additional file 3: Figure S3. of High phosphorus intake and gut-related parameters – results of a randomized placebo-controlled human intervention study

Principal coordinate analysis ordination of the global community structure of men and women after eight weeks of P1000/Ca1000 intervention. n = 5, bubbles were superimposed to visualise the relative abundance of the most relevant OTUs; P1000/Ca1000: 1000 mg phosphorus/1000 mg calcium, ns: not significant, OTU: operational taxonomic unit; PCO: principal coordinate. (TIFF 576 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of High phosphorus intake and gut-related parameters – results of a randomized placebo-controlled human intervention study

Faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids after supplementation with phosphorus and calcium of women. P1000/Ca0: n = 9; P1000/Ca500: n = 10; P1000/Ca1000: n = 11; data are expressed as means + standard deviations; #,* mean values with similar symbols are significant different (p ≤ 0.05); effect of time was tested with paired Students t-test; effect of supplementation was tested using univariate analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test; P1000/Ca0: 1000 mg phosphorus; P1000/Ca500: 1000 mg phosphorus/500 mg calcium; P1000/Ca1000: 1000 mg phosphorus/1000 mg calcium; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids. (PNG 35 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of High phosphorus intake and gut-related parameters – results of a randomized placebo-controlled human intervention study

Faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids after supplementation with phosphorus and calcium of men. P1000/Ca0: n = 7; P1000/Ca500: n = 9; P1000/Ca1000: n = 8; data are expressed as means + standard deviations; #,* mean values with similar symbols are significant different (p ≤ 0.05); effect of supplementation was tested using univariate analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test; a, b significantly different (Wilcoxon sign-rank test); P1000/Ca0: 1000 mg phosphorus; P1000/Ca500: 1000 mg phosphorus/500 mg calcium; P1000/Ca1000: 1000 mg phosphorus/1000 mg calcium; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids. (PNG 36 kb