Bisphenol A Induces Superfeminization in the Ramshorn Snail (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bisphenol A Induces Superfeminization in the Ramshorn Snail (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):127-133.</p><p>Published online 21 Oct 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874184.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p

Bisphenol A Induces Superfeminization in the Ramshorn Snail (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bisphenol A Induces Superfeminization in the Ramshorn Snail (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(S-1):127-133.</p><p>Published online 21 Oct 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874184.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> of T, E, BPA, and Tam compared with [3H]-E and displacement activities of E, T, BPA, and MT compared with [H]-T

Integrated Evaluation Concept to Assess the Efficacy of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes for the Elimination of Micropollutants and Pathogens

A multidisciplinary concept has been developed to compare advanced wastewater treatment processes for their efficacy of eliminating micropollutants and pathogens. The concept is based on (i) the removal/formation of selected indicator substances and their transformation products (TPs), (ii) the assessment of ecotoxicity via in vitro tests, and (iii) the removal of pathogens and antibiotic resistant bacteria. It includes substances passing biological wastewater treatment plants regulated or proposed to be regulated in the European Water Framework Directive, TPs formed in biological processes or during ozonation, agonistic/antagonistic endocrine activities, mutagenic/genotoxic activities, cytotoxic activities, further activities like neurotoxicity as well as antibiotics resistance genes, and taxonomic gene markers for pathogens. At a pilot plant, ozonation of conventionally treated wastewater resulted in the removal of micropollutants and pathogens and the reduction of estrogenic effects, whereas the in vitro mutagenicity increased. Subsequent post-treatment of the ozonated water by granular activated carbon (GAC) significantly reduced the mutagenic effects as well as the concentrations of remaining micropollutants, whereas this was not the case for biofiltration. The results demonstrate the suitability of the evaluation concept to assess processes of advanced wastewater treatment including ozonation and GAC by considering chemical, ecotoxicological, and microbiological parameters

Chemical analysis of water and sediment samples.

<p>Chemical analysis of water and sediment samples.</p

Model of the study design.

<p>This figure gives an overview of the study design and all performed analyses. Based on their results, we arranged the tests according to their evidence for endocrine disruption.</p

Reproduction test with the mudsnail.

<p>Means and standard deviation of the reproduction test with <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>. Total embryo number per female in negative (C) and positive controls (PC), in effluent water from the waste water treatment plant Langwiese (STP effluent) and in the two field sediments from sampling sites S 3 at the Schussen river and S 4 at the Argen river (station 3 and station 4) over the seven sampling campaigns. Asterisks indicate significant differences vs. C (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett´s multiple comparison test; p<0.01).</p

Location of the sampling sites and bypass systems at the Schussen and Argen rivers in Southwest Germany.

<p>Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) Langwiese and Eriskirch, as well as the storm water over-flow basin (SOB) at the Schussen. Geographic coordinates: S 0 = N47° 45′ 29.40″, E9° 35′ 21.78″, S 1 = N47° 45′ 19.22″, E9° 35′ 25.35″, S 3 = N47° 39′ 16.09″, E9° 31′ 53.35″, S 6 = N47° 37′ 4.73″, E9° 31′ 50.33″S 4 = N47° 44′ 20.46″, E9° 53′ 42.78″, bypass Gunzenhaus = N47° 40′ 44.00″, E9° 32′ 24.77″, and bypass Pflegelberg = N47° 39′ 11.21″, E9° 44′ 30.80″.</p

E-screen assay (cytotoxicity).

<p>Results of the E-screen assay regarding the cytotoxicity of the analysed samples. Expressed in 1/EC₅₀ Tox (concentration in which 50% of the cells are able to grow) units; means and standard deviation. WW (Waste water of WWTP Langwiese) n = 9, S 0 n = 5, S 1 n = 4, S 3 n = 11, S 6 n = 11 and S 4 n = 11.</p

Dates of the sampling campaigns.

<p>Dates of the sampling campaigns.</p

Maturity of spirlin.

<p>Distribution of gonadal maturity (stage 1 = immature; stage 2 = intermediate and, stage 3 = mature) of feral spirlin. 2009–2011. Females: summer Argen n = 35, summer Schussen n = 30, autumn Argen n = 16, autumn Schussen n = 7. Males: summer Argen n = 19, summer Schussen n = 3, autumn Argen n = 19, autumn Schussen n = 8.</p