244 research outputs found
Planetary observations at millimeter wavelengths
Observations of the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were made at 3.1 mm and 8.6 mm wavelengths with a 16-foot radio telescope between March and August, 1971. Absolute brightness temperature data are given. All errors are one standard deviation and include uncertainties in antenna gain calibration. The solar and lunar temperatures are in excellent agreement with published observations. The planetary measurements at 3.1 mm are consistently higher than previous results. The implications of higher temperatures with respect to existing atmospheric and surface models are discussed
On the Antenna Beam Shape Reconstruction Using Planet Transit
The calibration of the in-flight antenna beam shape and possible
beamdegradation is one of the most crucial tasks for the upcoming Planck
mission. We examine several effects which could significantly influence the
in-flight main beam calibration using planet transit: the problems of the
variability of the Jupiter's flux, the antenna temperature and passing of the
planets through the main beam. We estimate these effects on the antenna beam
shape calibration and calculate the limits on the main beam and far sidelobe
measurements, using observations of Jupiter and Saturn. We also discuss
possible effects of degradation of the mirror surfaces and specify
corresponding parameters which can help us to determine these effects.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
An Absolute Flux Density Measurement of the Supernova Remnant Casseopia A at 32 GHz
We report 32 GHz absolute flux density measurements of the supernova remnant
Cas A, with an accuracy of 2.5%. The measurements were made with the 1.5-meter
telescope at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. The antenna gain had been
measured by NIST in May 1990 to be .
Our observations of Cas A in May 1998 yield . We also report absolute flux density measurements of 3C48, 3C147, 3C286,
Jupiter, Saturn and Mars.Comment: 30 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication by AJ. Revised
systematic error budget, corrected typos, and added reference
Đ ĐČĐŸĐżŃĐŸŃŃ ĐżĐ”ŃŃĐŸĐłŃĐ°ŃОО габбŃĐŸ-ŃĐžĐ”ĐœĐžŃĐŸĐČĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐșĐŸĐŒĐżĐ»Đ”ĐșŃĐ° ĐœĐ° КалŃĐŒŃĐșĐŸĐŒ ŃŃĐ°ŃŃĐșĐ” ĐĐŸĐœĐŽĐŸĐŒŃĐșĐŸĐłĐŸ Đ¶Đ”Đ»Đ”Đ·ĐŸŃŃĐŽĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ ŃĐ°ĐčĐŸĐœĐ°
Intratracheal administration of endotoxin and cytokines: VIII. LPS induces E-selectin expression; anti-E-selectin and soluble E-selectin inhibit acute inflammation
E-selectin is an inducible endothelial adhesion molecule that binds neutrophils. E-selectin mRNA is not constitutively detectable in the lungs of rats. Intratracheal injection of LPS induces pulmonary E-selectin mRNA expression at 2â4 h. Intratracheal injection of LPS followed at 2 and 4 h by intravenous injection of mouse F(abâČ) 2 or F(abâČ)) anti-E-selectin monoclonal antibody inhibits the emigration of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar space at 6 h by 50â70%. TNF and IL-6 bioactivity are not decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after treatment with anti-E-selectin antibody as compared to controls, suggesting that the anti-E-selectin does not affect the magnitude of the LPS-initiated cytokine cascade. Intratracheal injection of LPS followed at 2 and 4 h by intravenous injection of soluble E-selectin inhibits neutrophilic emigration at 6 h by 64%, suggesting that endogenous soluble E-selectin shed from activated endothelium may play a role in the endogenous down-regulation of acute inflammation. E-selectin-mediated adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium appears crucial to the full development of the acute inflammation response.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44513/1/10753_2005_Article_BF01534436.pd
Downregulation of Mcl-1 has anti-inflammatory pro-resolution effects and enhances bacterial clearance from the lung
Phagocytes not only coordinate acute inflammation and host defense at mucosal sites, but also contribute to tissue damage. Respiratory infection causes a globally significant disease burden and frequently progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome, a devastating inflammatory condition characterized by neutrophil recruitment and accumulation of protein-rich edema fluid causing impaired lung function. We hypothesized that targeting the intracellular protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) by a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (AT7519) or a flavone (wogonin) would accelerate neutrophil apoptosis and resolution of established inflammation, but without detriment to bacterial clearance. Mcl-1 loss induced human neutrophil apoptosis, but did not induce macrophage apoptosis nor impair phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was modelled in mice by either endotoxin or bacteria (Escherichia coli). Downregulating inflammatory cell Mcl-1 had anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution effects, shortening the resolution interval (R(i)) from 19 to 7âh and improved organ dysfunction with enhanced alveolarâcapillary barrier integrity. Conversely, attenuating drug-induced Mcl-1 downregulation inhibited neutrophil apoptosis and delayed resolution of endotoxin-mediated lung inflammation. Importantly, manipulating lung inflammatory cell Mcl-1 also accelerated resolution of bacterial infection (R(i); 50 to 16âh) concurrent with enhanced bacterial clearance. Therefore, manipulating inflammatory cell Mcl-1 accelerates inflammation resolution without detriment to host defense against bacteria, and represents a target for treating infection-associated inflammation
Educators' working conditions in a day care centre on ownership of a non-profit organization
Background: Working conditions of nursery school teachers have not been scrutinized thoroughly in scientific research. Only a few studies have so far examined work-load and strain in this profession. Preferably, subjective perceptions should be corroborated by data that can be quantified more objectively and accurately. The aim of the present observational field study was to evaluate pedagogical staffs' workflow.
Methods: In 2009 eleven educators in a day care centre were observed throughout three complete workdays. A total of 250 working hours were recorded.
Results: An educators' workday lasted on average 07:46:59 h (SD = 01:01:10 h).Within this time span, an average of 02:20:46 h (30.14%, SD = 00:28:07 h) were spent on caring, 01:44:18 h on playing (22.33%, SD = 00:54:12 h), 00:49:37 h on educational work (10.62%, SD = 00:40:09), and only 00:05:38 h on individual child contact (1.21%, SD = 00:04:58 h).
Conclusion: For the first time, educators' workflow in day care centres was studied in real time. Some of the educators' self-reported problems were corroborated. The results of this study form a basis upon which further investigations can be built and measures can be developed for an overall improvement of child care
Effect of intraperitoneally administered recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) on the cytotoxic potential of murine peritoneal cells
We studied the effect of recombinant murine granulocyteâmacrophage colony-stimulating factor(rmGM-CSF) on the cytotoxic potential of murine peritoneal cells. Mice received rmGM-CSF intraperitoneally using different dosages and injection schemes. At different time points after the last injection, mice were sacrificed, peritoneal cells isolated and their tumour cytotoxicity was determined by a cytotoxicity assay using syngeneic [methyl-3H]thymidine-labelled colon carcinoma cells. Also, the cytotoxic response to a subsequent in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide was determined. Upon daily injection of 6000â54 000 U rmGM-CSF over a 6-day period, the number of peritoneal cells increased over ten fold with the highest rmGM-CSF dose. Increases in cell numbers was mainly due to increases in macrophage numbers. Upon injection of three doses of 3000 U rmGM-CSF per day for 3 consecutive days, the number of macrophages remained elevated for minimally 6 days. Although the peritoneal cells from rmGM-CSF-treated mice were not activated to a tumoricidal state, they could be activated to high levels of cytotoxicity with an additional in vitro stimulation of lipopolysaccharide. Resident cells isolated from control mice could be activated only to low levels of tumour cytotoxicity with lipopolysaccharide. Tumour cytotoxicity strongly correlated with nitric oxide secretion. When inhibiting nitric oxide synthase, tumour cell lysis decreased. Thus, the expanded peritoneal cell population induced by multiple injections of rmGM-CSF has a strong tumour cytotoxic potential and might provide a favourable condition for immunotherapeutic treatment of peritoneal neoplasms. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig
Inhaled nitric oxide alleviates hyperoxia suppressed phosphatidylcholine synthesis in endotoxin-induced injury in mature rat lungs
BACKGROUND: We investigated efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in modulation of metabolism of phosphatidylcholine (PC) of pulmonary surfactant and in anti-inflammatory mechanism of mature lungs with inflammatory injury. METHODS: Healthy adult rats were divided into a group of lung inflammation induced by i.v. lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or a normal control (C) for 24 h, and then exposed to: room air (Air), 95% oxygen (O), NO (20 parts per million, NO), both O and NO (ONO) as subgroups, whereas [(3)H]-choline was injected i.v. for incorporation into PC of the lungs which were processed subsequently at 10 min, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h, respectively, for measurement of PC synthesis and proinflammatory cytokine production. RESULTS: LPS-NO subgroup had the lowest level of labeled PC in total phospholipids and disaturated PC in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue (decreased by 46â59%), along with the lowest activity of cytidine triphosphate: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (-14â18%) in the lungs, compared to all other subgroups at 4 h (p < 0.01), but not at 8 and 12 h. After 24-h, all LPS-subgroups had lower labeled PC than the corresponding C-subgroups (p < 0.05). LPS-ONO had higher labeled PC in total phospholipids and disaturated PC, activity of cytidylyltransferase, and lower activity of nuclear transcription factor-ÎșB and expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA, than that in the LPS-O subgroup (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In LPS-induced lung inflammation in association with hyperoxia, depressed PC synthesis and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production may be alleviated by iNO. NO alone only transiently suppressed the PC synthesis as a result of lower activity of cytidylyltransferase
- âŠ