Risk Factors of Diarrhoea in Malnourished Children Under Age of 5 Years

Background: Acute infectious enteritis remains one of the commonest causes of death among infants and children in developing countries. Acute enteritis is defined as a loss of stool consistency with pasty or liquid stools, and/or an increase in stool frequency to more than three stools in 24 hours with or without fever or vomiting. Human survival depends on the secretion and reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes in the intestinal tract. The objective of the study is to evaluate the risk factors of diarrhoea in children under age of 5 years. Methodology: It was an observational study. Study was completed in about six months. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. In this study, 270 samples were taken from Diarrheal ward of The Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Results: In this study, out of 270 patients, 58.52% were males and 41.48% were females. 90.37% patients were vaccinated. 54.81% had weaning history. 91.85% patients had feeding history. 29.26% had blood in stool. 96.67% patients were dehydrated. 95.56% patients had loose watery diarrhoea. 62.96% patients used boiled water. 58.52% patients consumed less than half litre of water, 30.00% patients consumed 1 litre of water and 11.48% patients consumed > 1 litre of water. 49.18% patients had proper hygiene. 38.15% mothers of patients were well educated. 40.37% patients had model household condition. 57.41% patients lived in rural area and 42.59% patients lived in urban area. Conclusion: The variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity was well explained by maternal education, income, personal hygiene, refuse disposal system and the effect of health extension programme

The Impact of Trade Openness on Sustainable Development: Study Case on G20 Group Countries

The issues concerning environmental damage, poverty, and unequal income distribution have taken center stage in contemporary policies aimed at sustainable development. Amidst various policy measures, trade policies continue to hold a prominent position due to their direct and indirect connections with sustainable development. It is widely believed that trade openness can incentivize both production and consumption. However, the rapid economic integration resulting from trade openness can also have adverse effects on society, employment, and the environment. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of trade openness and other relevant factors on sustainable development in the G20 countries. This research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing secondary data. Data analysis is conducted using a Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel econometric method, covering the period from 1990 to 2019. The findings of this study reveal that in the short term, sustainable development in the G20 countries is positively and significantly influenced by capital formation and environmental quality. Conversely, in the long run, sustainable development is positively and significantly affected by trade openness. Consequently, the recommendation stemming from this research for G20 countries is to further develop trade policies that prioritize and support sustainable development goals

Frequency of Predisposing Factor of Nausea and Vomiting After Chest Surgery Under General Anaesthesia

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting are common and distressing postsurgical symptoms. These symptoms are of particular concern in outpatient surgery because they may require additional direct resources, such as supplies and antiemetic drugs, and may delay discharge. The objective of this study was to measure the frequency of factors which can cause nausea and vomiting under general anaesthesia after chest surgery. Methodology: This descriptive case series evaluated frequency of predisposing factor of nausea and vomiting in patients of anaesthesia department of Gulab Devi Hospital Lahore. Questionnaire is made and patients were asked about their age, fever, previous surgery, NPO status, smoking history and hospital stay. This study included 140 patients with post-operative nausea and vomiting. Results: In this study, 140 patients were taken in which  65 (46.43%) were female and 75 (53.57%) were male. In 140 patient 134 (95.7%) were NPO and 6 (4.3%) were not  NPO, 25 (17.9%) were obese and 115 (82.1%) were not obese, 88 (62.9%) patients were suffering fever and 52 (37.1%) were not suffering fever, 80 (57.1%) were infected and 59 (42.1%) were not infected, 53 (37.9%) patients had previous surgery and 87 (62.1%) had no previous surgery, 94 (67.1%) patients had received nitrous oxide and 46 (32.9%) didn\u27t, 97 (69.3%) received volatile gases and 43 (30.7%) not received, 29 (20.7%) received ketamine and 111 (79.3%) not received, 87 (62.1%) received suxamethonium and 53 (37.9%) not received, 119 (85.0%) received propofol and 21 (15.0%) not received, 110 (78.6%) received naluphine and 28 (20.0%) not received. Out of 140 patients, there were 122 (87.1%) who were suffering from pain and 18 (12.9%) were not. 91 (65.0%) patients had gastric distention and 49 (35.0%) patients didn\u27t. Opioids were given to 34 (24.3%) patients and not given to 106 (75.7%) patient. Conclusion: It is concluded that the nausea and vomiting after surgey under genral anesthesia is due to patient related factors in which most frequent is NPO. Drug related factors include propofol and nalbupin administration. Post operative factors include pain. In whole study of 140 patients, the  most frequent is patient related factor (NPO) other than drug related factors and post-operative factors

Kedudukan Penyidik Kepolisian Terhadap Kewenangannya Menangani Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi Penyalahgunaan Wewenang Menurut Perspektif Sistem Peradilan Pidana

This paper focuses on the role and challenges of Polri investigators in the Indonesian criminal justice system, particularly in handling cases of corruption and abuse of power. The purpose of this research is to examine the position of Polri investigators in their authority to handle the case and to identify the obstacles they face. The normative juridical research method used in this research uses primary and secondary data. The results of the study show that the position of Polri investigators is based on the concept of values or basic ideas for the establishment of the Criminal Procedure Code which requires conducting professional investigations and meeting the demands of the general court. This position is regulated in Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police and Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedural Law. Obstacles faced by Polri investigators in their authority to handle cases of corruption and abuse of authority include: confusion and contradictions in the interpretation of the Corruption Eradication Law, wrong understanding of the law by law enforcement officials, and limited infrastructure and information technology. This research provides important insights into the role and challenges of Polri investigators in the criminal justice system in cases of corruption and abuse of power

Multilevel Marketing in Sharia Accounting Perspective

This study aims to determine how the implementation of accounting (transaction) sharia for PayTren products, and how to measure ushul fiqh against PayTren product.The method used in this research is descriptive research using documentation study approach,Data collection techniques used is the results of the research literature, social media, including on the Internet articles and television broadcasts. The implementation of Islamic sharia accounting, paytren has donerecordingcommissions, cashback, and also the recording of gifts arereasonable, because the recording is done based on the efforts being made.However, if seen based on the science of Usul Fiqh,the paytren in the first transactioncontains RIBA fadh'al, Then the second existence of inequity in the partners position, and there are elements of gharar (speculation) in the transaction activity

Phonon-Assisted Incoherent Excitation of a Quantum Dot and its Emission Properties

We present a detailed study of a phonon-assisted incoherent excitation mechanism of single quantum dots. A spectrally-detuned laser couples to a quantum dot transition by mediation of acoustic phonons, whereby excitation efficiencies up to 20 % with respect to strictly resonant excitation can be achieved at T = 9 K. Laser frequency-dependent analysis of the quantum dot intensity distinctly maps the underlying acoustic phonon bath and shows good agreement with our polaron master equation theory. An analytical solution for the photoluminescence is introduced which predicts a broadband incoherent coupling process when electron-phonon scattering is in the strong phonon coupling (polaronic) regime. Additionally, we investigate the coherence properties of the emitted light and study the impact of the relevant pump and phonon bath parameters

Prevalence and patterns of physical activity among school aged adolescents in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Less than one fifth of Pakistani adolescents, aged 13–15, years achieve recommended activity levels. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine a pooled estimate of the prevalence of PA, and to systematically evaluate the literature available on PA among adolescents in Pakistan. A systemic search of databases was conducted. In addition, hand search of references of all the included relevant publications was performed. Random effects meta-analysis was used to get weighted prevalence of PA among adolescents. Quality of undertaken studies was assessed using New-Castle Ottawa Scale. After removing duplicates, reviewing titles and abstracts and screening full texts, 15 articles were included for analysis. All studies were conducted in school setting, with a total sample size of 10,651. Weighted pooled prevalence of PA among adolescents was 36.0% with high heterogeneity (99.28%). Most of the studies met study quality assessment criteria except for comparability of subjects in different outcome groups and assessment of outcome. Prevalence of PA among adolescents is low in Pakistan. Formal strategies are needed for promoting PA among adolescents for their improved health and for reducing future burden of NCDs

Pengaruh Penggunaan Limbah Batu Onyx Sebagai Pengganti Agregat Kasar Pada Campuran Beton Terhadap Modulus Elastisitas Beton

Struktur beton sendiri mengalami berbagai perkembangan, dimana pada dasarnya berawal dari inovasi-inovasi para creator bangunan dalam memecahkan berbagai masalah yang muncul pada bangunan-bangunan sebelumnya. Pada umumnya beton dipakai secara luas sebagai bahan konstruksi bangunan, dengan keutamaan nilai ekonomisnya yang baik serta mudah dalam pembuatannya. Onyx merupakan batuan metamorf yang memiliki klasifikasi hampir menyerupai marmer dari hasil penggalian pegunungan kapur di Panggungrejo, Blitar yang sampai saat ini pemanfaatannya umumnya digunakan sebagai bahan dasar kerajinan furniture. Salah satu pihak pengerajin batu onyx ini berpusat di daerah Campurdarat, Tulungagung. Dari hasil pembuatan furniture tersebut, tentunya tersisa limbah hasil pemotongan maupun kerajinan batu onyx ini. Pada penelitian ini, limbah onyx dicoba dimanfaatkan sebagai pengganti pada agregat kasar untuk campuran beton dengan variasi faktor air semen (FAS) 0,4; 0,5; dan 0,6 untuk mencari nilai modulus elastisitas beton tersebut. Nilai modulus elastisitas untuk beton onyx dengan variasi FAS 0,4; 0,5; dan 0,6; beton berumur 28 hari adalah 24496, 20876, dan 17919 MPa. Sedangkan hasil penelitian mengenai modulus elastisitas untuk beton normal dengan variasi FAS 0,4; 0,5; dan 0,6; beton berumur 28 hari adalah 17675, 15978, dan 14592 MPa. Terjadi peningkatan modulus elastisitas pada beton onyx. Pada FAS 0,4 terjadi peningkatan nilai modulus elastisitas sebesar 38,59%. Pada FAS 0,5 terjadi peningkatan nilai modulus elastisitas sebesar 30,65%. Pada FAS 0,6 terjadi peningkatan nilai modulus elastisitas sebesar 22,80%