THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINES IN ROMANIA AFTER 1990. WHAT'S THE REASON FOR IMPORTS?

Since 1990, Romania turned itself slowly but surely, from a large drugs producer, which has used to supplydrugs to the whole former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Member States, and with a net positive trade balance in medicine sector, into a large drugs importer, trying hardly to attract investors which could produce medicines not only for the Romanian domestic market, but also for all other Eastern European markets, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey. This paper focuses on the empirical analisys of the medicines production sector in Romania after 1990, aiming to emphasises the factors which have mostly affected this industry, in correlation with different interests and reasons which determined the increasing imports of drugs during the last years, by underlying at the same time, the role of the new public authority in charge of supervising the distribution and import of medicines in Romania, The National Medicines Administration (NMA). The paper relevance relies in the fact that Romania registered during the last years drug imports of an average of 1.7 billion euros, while the drug exports were only around 0,1 billions euros, according to the computations made on the data provided by the Romanian Institute of National Statistics (INS). The most imported products are patent drugs, which are more expensive than those produced by the domestic manufactured. At the same time, Romania registered an increase of the pharmaceutical market of around 20% only since its EU integration, this market proven to be largely driven by expensive products. Our research conducted to the conclusion that the Romanian resort authorities have to immediately adopt measures meant to limit consumption of expensive drugs, on the one side, and to reinforce the domestic manufacturers on the other side, even by attracting major investors in this sector. We have also identified that there is a large competitiveness for Romanian medicine products on the international market, due to its production costs (Romania still is a low cost economy in this sector), as well as due to its tradition.drug manufacture, medicine production, Romanian economy, FDI, exports and imports

THE EU IMPORT REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES BY COMPARISON WITH THE USA AND THE GHTF GUIDELINES

Medical devices and supply companies are under enormous pressure to fulfill trade requirements dictated by current global markets, especially by the EU, although it is largely recognized that the innovative medical devices and procedures can considerablyCommon Trade Policy, European Union, imports requirements, USA, GHTF guidelines, trade regulations, ISO

Aspects of transfer heavy metals in raspberry (Rubus idaeus) grown in the geographic area of Nădrag (Caraş-Severin)

Ensuring of raspberry for human consumer (spontaneous and/or cultivated flora), harvested within Timis and Caras Severin mountain area (Nâdrag), is the important segment for food processors work in this area. Raspberry as fruit or as a flavoring, juice, etc., is obtained from the fruits by processing, prior centrifugation and a short fermentation. Through all these steps it can be naturally contaminated, by mass transfer, with heavy metal cations by leaching, complexation, or selective salification. Researched areal is located in a mountainous area, coldish, wet, whit soil characteristics that can facilitate the transfer and/or accumulation of heavy metal cations (mobile forms and/or total forms) up to the limit of tolerance (Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Fe, etc.)

Long-Term Resveratrol Supplementation as a Secondary Prophylaxis for Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, as well as a source of long-term disabilities and huge socioeconomic costs. This study investigates the effects of resveratrol, an antioxidant supplement, on blood pressure, weight status, glucose, and lipid profile in patients who had a stroke in the last 12 months. Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were divided into three groups: group I received only allopathic treatment (control group), while groups II and III received allopathic treatment with a daily supplementation of oral resveratrol (100 and 200 mg, resp.) for 12 months. In all groups, the changes of the studied parameters were monitored at 6 and 12 months from the initial evaluation. In groups II and III, resveratrol induced significant changes (p<0.05) in the blood pressure, body mass index, as well as all parameters of the lipid profile, and glucose (in nondiabetic patients), compared to the control group. The supplementation of the allopathic treatment with resveratrol had a beneficial effect on all monitored parameters, which serve as major risk factors for stroke

FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF DAY CARE VERSUS HOSPITALIZATION

Day hospitalization/day care is a service of which can benefit all patients that require thorough investigations to make the diagnosis of a disease, for monitoring chronic diseases, preoperative exploration, microsurgical interventions, postoperative inspections, that cannot be performed in ambulatory. Services required for the diagnosis, treatment or monitoring the patient which are carried out in a day care regime may have plurispecialized and/ or multidisciplinary character, may be invasive, may be followed by side effects or risk of emergency while performing them or correlated with the health condition of the patient, requiring medical supervision that cannot be carried out in ambulatory. Day hospitalization is a modern concept within which, through advanced medical technologies, a series of medical procedures can take place during a single day. Day hospitalization services have the advantage of providing patients the opportunity to perform in a reduced time (within 12 hours) all necessary investigations, no longer requiring continuous hospitalization. Hospital medical assistance under continuous hospitalization regime includes acute type care and chronic type care , and factors which must be taken into account cumulatively when taking the decision of hospitalization under a continuous hospitalization regime are: the severity of signs and symptoms presented by the patient, medical predictability of a negative evolution, unwanted of the patient, the need and availability of the analysis / diagnostic investigations, depletion of diagnostic and therapeutic resource in other areas of healthcare. A comparative study was conducted day hospitalization - continuous hospitalization, the three most common diagnoses of the hospitalized patients in day hospitalization: poorly controlled diabetes type 1 and 2 , essential hypertension. The study was conducted within the period 01.01.2015-31.12.2015 in clinical sections of Cardiology and Diabetes of the Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea. The aim of the study is to highlight the financial efficiency of day hospitalization compared to continuous hospitalization

THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINES IN ROMANIA AFTER 1990. WHAT'S THE REASON FOR IMPORTS?

Since 1990, Romania turned itself slowly but surely, from a large drugs producer, which has used to supplydrugs to the whole former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Member States, and with a net positive trade balance in medicine sector, into a large drugs importer, trying hardly to attract investors which could produce medicines not only for the Romanian domestic market, but also for all other Eastern European markets, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey. This paper focuses on the empirical analisys of the medicines production sector in Romania after 1990, aiming to emphasises the factors which have mostly affected this industry, in correlation with different interests and reasons which determined the increasing imports of drugs during the last years, by underlying at the same time, the role of the new public authority in charge of supervising the distribution and import of medicines in Romania, The National Medicines Administration (NMA). The paper relevance relies in the fact that Romania registered during the last years drug imports of an average of 1.7 billion euros, while the drug exports were only around 0,1 billions euros, according to the computations made on the data provided by the Romanian Institute of National Statistics (INS). The most imported products are patent drugs, which are more expensive than those produced by the domestic manufactured. At the same time, Romania registered an increase of the pharmaceutical market of around 20% only since its EU integration, this market proven to be largely driven by expensive products. Our research conducted to the conclusion that the Romanian resort authorities have to immediately adopt measures meant to limit consumption of expensive drugs, on the one side, and to reinforce the domestic manufacturers on the other side, even by attracting major investors in this sector. We have also identified that there is a large competitiveness for Romanian medicine products on the international market, due to its production costs (Romania still is a low cost economy in this sector), as well as due to its tradition

Application of Robotic Recovery Techniques to Stroke Survivors&mdash;Bibliometric Analysis

Stroke is a significant disability and death cause worldwide and is conventionally defined as a neurological impairment relating to the intense focal harm of the central nervous system (CNS) by vascular causative components. Although the applicability of robotic rehabilitation is a topic with considerable practical significance because it has produced noticeably higher improvements in motor function than regular (physical and occupational) therapy and exempted the therapists, most of the existing bibliometric papers were not focused on stroke survivors. Additionally, a modular system is designed by joining several medical end-effector devices to a single limb segment, which addresses the issue of potentially dangerous pathological compensatory motions. Searching the Web of Science database, 31,930 papers were identified, and using the VOSviewer software and science mapping technology, data were extracted on the most prolific countries, the connections between them, the most valuable journals according to certain factors, their average year of publication, the most influential papers, and the most relevant topical issues (bubble map of term occurrence). The most prolific country in the analyzed field and over the entire period evaluated (1975&ndash;2022) is the United States, and the most prolific journal is Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, observing a marked increase in the three periods of scientific interest for this field. The present paper assesses numerous scientific publications to provide, through statistical interpretation of the data, a detailed description of the use of robotic rehabilitation in stroke survivors. The findings may aid scientists, academics, and clinicians in establishing precise goals in the optimization of the management of stroke survivors via robotic rehabilitation, but also through easier access to scientifically validated literature

Assessment of Physical and Chemical Stability of Different Magnesium Compounds in Tablets

International audienceModern lifestyle, excessive chemicalization of agricultural products, excessive processing and refining of food,cause a decrease in daily intake of magnesium, cation with an extremely important role in prevention and treatmentof many diseases. As a result, there arises the need for extra magnesium intake in the form of dietary supplements.In this study were evaluated the physical and chemical stability of magnesium-containing tablets, depending on theactive compound and the excipients used. Magnesium tablets in the form of orotate, lactate, citrate, oxide andhydroxide were taken into study and physical and chemical stability were observed over the validity period, at 6 andat 12 months after expiry date. There were no changes in physical and chemical stability during the validity periodof the studied tablets. At 6 months after the expiry date, were observed variations in chemical composition withdecrease in magnesium concentration to 98% of the declared value, only in the case of tablets containing magnesiumlactate. At 12 months, the magnesium concentration decreased in all analysed samples, with no statisticallysignificant differences (p<0.05) between the types of magnesium compounds – 95% for the orotate, 93% for thelactate, 90% for the oxide and hydroxide, respectively 85% for citrate. The results of this study indicate thetherapeutically safety for using these tablets 6 months after the expiry date

Left Ventricle Outflow Tract Velocity-Time Index and Right Ventricle to Left Ventricle Ratio as Predictors for in Hospital Outcome in Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism

Accurate estimation of risk with both imaging and biochemical parameters in intermediate risk pulmonary embolism (PE) remains challenging. The aim of the study was to evaluate echocardiographic parameters that reflect right and left heart hemodynamic as predictors of adverse events in intermediate risk PE. This was a retrospective observational study on patients with computed tomography pulmonary angiography diagnosis of PE admitted at Cardiology department of the Clinical Emergency Hospital of Oradea, Romania between January 2018—December 2021. Echocardiographic parameters obtained at admission were studied as predictors of in hospital adverse events. The following adverse outcomes were registered: death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, hemodynamic deterioration and need of rescue thrombolysis. An adverse outcome was present in 50 patients (12.62%). PE related death was registered in 17 patients (4.3%), resuscitated cardiac arrest occurred in 6 patients (1.51%). Another 20 patients (5.05%) required escalation of therapy with thrombolysis and 7 (1.76%) patients developed haemodynamic instability. Echocardiographic independent predictors for in hospital adverse outcome were RV/LV ≥ 1 (HR = 3.599, 95% CI 1.378–9.400, p = 0.009) and VTI ≤ 15 mm (HR = 11.711, 95% CI 4.336–31.633, p p p < 0.001). A combined criterion (LVOT VTI ≤ 15 and RV/LV ≥ 1) showed a positive predictive value of 75% and a negative predictive value of 95% regarding in hospital adverse outcomes. Low LVOT VTI and increased RV/LV are useful for identifying normotensive patients with PE at risk for short term adverse outcomes. Combining an LVOT VTI ≤ 15 cm with a RV/LV ≥ 1 can identify with increased accuracy PE patients with impending risk of clinical deterioration