Le cadre institutionnel de l'Espagne des autonomies selon la perspective financière publique

peer reviewedL’article se propose d’étudier les systèmes (communs et foraux) de financement des Communautés autonomes en Espagne. Il analyse les mécanismes de coordination des finances publiques mis en place dans un État ayant un haut degré de décentralisation fiscale et budgétaire asymétrique

Skin protection creams in medical settings: successful or evil?

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

From skin microrelief to wrinkles. An area ripe for investigation.

Skin microrelief alters progressively with age. Wrinkles do not result from these changes but are superimposed upon them. Wrinkles result from structural changes in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Four types of wrinkles can be recognized. Type 1 wrinkles are atrophic. Type 2 wrinkles are elastotic. Type 3 wrinkles are expressional. Type 4 wrinkles are gravitational. Each type of wrinkle is characterized by distinct microanatomical changes and each type of wrinkle develops in specific skin regions. Each is likely to respond differently to treatment. Skin microrelief and skin folds can be identified on histological examination. By contrast, only minimal dermal changes are found beneath permanent or reducible wrinkles compared with immediately adjacent skin. A series of objective and non-invasive methods is available to quantify the severity of wrinkling

Quantification of dandruff adherence to hair.

peer reviewedDandruff adherence to hair shafts is a visible annoying phenomenon. The aspect can be recorded by different means including the ultraviolet light-enhanced visualization (ULEV) method and microscopy. We present another quantitative method. Hairs were clipped from the parietal scalp area of 25 volunteers complaining of dandruff. They were firmly applied onto cyanoacrylate-coated microscopic slides. Hairs were lifted up after 15-20 s leaving a cast in the adhesive coat. Dandruff were thus harvested from the hair shafts and remained attached to the cyanoacrylate coat. After staining, the material was submitted to image analysis to derive the dandruff density per unit length of hairs. In 11/25 subjects, a correlation was found between the width of the hair casts and the dandruff density. This method does not collect all dandruff along hair shafts, but data are likely representative of the whole corneocyte load

What Zadar county women know of folic acid and how much they use it

Cilj ovoga rada je utvrditi koliko su rodilje u Zadarskoj županiji upoznate s folnom kiselinom, te koliko su je uzimale. Iako je 80% od 339 ispitanica odgovorilo da zna što je folna kiselina i skoro 85% njih da vjeruje da je korisna, pravilno ju je uzimalo samo 16,5%, dok je 23% njih uzimalo neki multivitamin. Savjet da uzima folnu kiselinu dobilo je 49% ispitanica, i to skoro 90% njih od ljekarnika. Liječnici su savjetovali samo 2% ispitanica i od toga niti jednu s niskom stručnom spremom. Samoinicijativno je 39% ispitanica uzelo neki preparat. Logistička regresija pokazala je da su glavni prediktori za uzimanje folne kiseline planirana trudnoća i spontani prekid trudnoće i/ili mrtvorođenost. Negativni prediktor je pušenje. Žene s višom edukacijom više su konzumirale folnu kiselinu. Ispitanice s nižim obrazovanjem višestruko su u nepovoljnijem položaju, budući da nemaju dovoljno spoznaja, baš uslijed nedovoljnog školovanja, a socijalna mreža kojoj pripadaju nije dovoljno snažna, a niti zdravstveni sustav ne dopire do njih. Za pretpostaviti je da, dok to ne bude pravilo u EU, Hrvatska neće obogaćivati hranu folnom kiselinom, pa je potrebno iznaći pravilnu kombinaciju svih raspoloživih metoda kako bi se ženama u fertilnoj dobi u Zadarskoj županiji omogućio njezin pravilan unos. Integrativan pristup bi kroz edukaciju o prehrani, stilu života, te pravilnu suplementaciju folnom kiselinom, mogao utjecati na smanjenje incidencije DNC-a (defekta neuralne cijevi). Također, integrativni pristup podrazumijeva da treba iskoristiti dostupnost ljekarnika, utjecaj obitelji i prijatelja, ali svakako treba povećati dostupnost i savjetovanje kroz primarnu zdravstvenu zaštitu.The aim of this study is to establish what pregnant women in Zadar County know about folic acid (FA) and how much they were using it. Out of 339 women 16.5% took FA correctly, 23% took some multivitamin, despite the fact that 80% knew what is FA, and 85% believed that it is useful. Some recommendation got 49% of women, mostly from pharmacists, only 2% got recommendation from physicians, out of whom not a single women with lower education. 39% of women decided to take FA on their own. Logistic regression analysis showed that the strongest positive predictor for taking FA is planned pregnancy and spontaneous abortion or stillborn. Smoking is a negative predictor. Women with higher education took more FA. Women with lower education are in multiple adverse positions due to poorer general knowledge, weaker social network and poorer access to the health care system. Under the presumption that Croatia will not introduce mandatory FA food fortification, until it is obligatory in the EU, it is necessary to use a combination of all available methods in order to supplement all women in childbearing age in Zadar County. An integrative approach through education on nutrition and lifestyle along with right supplementation could lead to decreased neural tube defects. An integrative approach implies benefit from the availability of pharmacists, influence of family and friends and above all increased availability and recommendations of through the primary health care system

Rizično ponašanje srednjoškolaca Zadarske županije

Adolescencija je razdoblje između djetinjstva i zrelosti, praćeno intenzivnim fizičkim rastom i razvojem, psihičkim promjenama i spolnim sazrijevanjem. Najizraženije su promjene osobnog identiteta, prihvaćanje društvenih i moralnih normi u ponašanju, osamostaljivanje i preuzimanje odgovornosti. Mladi traže uvažavanje i slobodu u svojim postupcima. Zbog neiskustva i sklonosti rizicima, populacija su koja je najviše podložna razvoju ovisničkog ponašanja. Eksperimentiranje s bilo kojim sredstvima ovisnosti počinje zbog znatiželje, oponašanja te pritiska okoline i vršnjaka. Adolescencija je razdoblje spolnog sazrijevanja, formiranja spolne uloge i stavova o izražavanju spolnosti. Spolno ponašanje u toj dobi je sastavni dio normalnog psihosocijalnog razvoja i sazrijevanja djevojaka i mladića. Danas adolescenti mnogo ranije i iz mnogo izvora više uče o spolnosti nego što je to bilo u prošlosti. Unatoč tome, imaju neodgovorno spolno ponašanje, povećani rizik od spolno prenosivih bolesti i prijevremenih trudnoća. Rizično ponašanje i neodgovorno spolno ponašanje ometaju daljnje školovanje, obiteljske i društvene odnose