The percentile plot of the urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) levels according to sleep duration in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.

<p>The bottom and top of the box are the 25th and 75th percentile, respectively, and the band in the box is the median. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. sleep duration of 6.5–7.4 hours per day.</p

Clinical characteristics of the study subjects according to smoking status.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index.</p><p>The values are expressed as the means (SD) or percentages.</p><p>Clinical characteristics of the study subjects according to smoking status.</p

Age-adjusted mean values and multivariate-adjusted partial regression coefficients (95% CIs) of FPG and HbA_1c according to smoking status.

<p>Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; β, partial regression coefficients.</p><p>The FPG and HbA_1c values are expressed as the means (SE).</p><p>Multivariate-adjustment was made for age, duration of diabetes mellitus, total energy intake, current drinking habits, regular exercise habits, depressive symptoms, oral hypoglycemic agents use, insulin use, and body mass index.</p><p>Age-adjusted mean values and multivariate-adjusted partial regression coefficients (95% CIs) of FPG and HbA_1c according to smoking status.</p

Clinical characteristics according to ALDH2 activity (<i>ALDH2 *1/*1</i> active vs. <i>*1/*2</i> or <i>*2/*2</i> inactive) and drinking status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

<p>Values are mean±SD.</p><p>^bp<0.001 vs. lifetime abstainers with <i>*1/*1</i>,</p><p>^dp<0.01,</p><p>^cp<0.001 vs. lifetime abstainers with <i>*2</i>,</p><p>^ap<0.001 vs. drinkers with <i>*1/*1</i> in an unadjusted model.</p><p>Clinical characteristics according to ALDH2 activity (<i>ALDH2 *1/*1</i> active vs. <i>*1/*2</i> or <i>*2/*2</i> inactive) and drinking status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.</p

Adjusted partial regression coefficients (95% CIs) of log-transformed UACR according to sleep duration.

<p>The numbers in parentheses represent the 95% CIs.</p><p>Abbreviations: UACR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure; RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor.</p><p>Multivariate adjustment was made for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking habits, former smoking habits, current drinking habits, regular exercise habits, total energy intake, total protein intake, hypnotic use and estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p

Multiple regression analysis of T-LTPA with metabolic and inflammatory variables in non-obese and obese participants.

<p>Abbreviations: T-LTPA, total leisure-time physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HS-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI, body mass index.</p><p>Obesity was defined as BMI≥25 kg/m² for Japanese <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098768#pone.0098768-The1" target="_blank">[22]</a>.</p><p>Model 1, adjusted for age and sex; Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking, current drinking, energy intake, cardiovascular diseases, depressive symptoms, and treatment of diabetes.</p

Clinical characteristics of the study subjects according to sleep duration.

<p>The values are expressed as the mean ± SD or the percentage.</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p><p>Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m². Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or the current use of antihypertensive agents.</p

Multiple regression analysis of lower- or higher-intensity LTPA with metabolic and inflammatory variables.

<p>Lower- and higher-intensity was defined as <3.6 METs (mean of study participants) and ≥3.6 METs, respectively.</p><p>Abbreviations: LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents; BMI, body mass index; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HS-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein.</p><p>Model 1, adjusted for age and sex; Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking, current drinking, energy intake, cardiovascular diseases, depressive symptoms and treatment of diabetes.</p

Metabolic parameters according to ALDH2 activity (<i>ALDH2 *1/*1</i> active vs. <i>*1/*2</i> or <i>*2/*2</i> inactive) and drinking status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

<p>HOMA2%-B, homeostasis model assessment β-cell function; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HS-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or percentage. HS-CRP and triglyceride are presented as geometric means [95% confidence interval].</p><p>^ap<0.05,</p><p>^ep<0.01,</p><p>^bp<0.001 vs. lifetime abstainers with <i>*1/*1</i>,</p><p>^fp<0.05,</p><p>^cp<0.01,</p><p>^dp<0.001 vs. lifetime abstainers with <i>*2</i>,</p><p>^gp<0.001 vs. drinkers with <i>*1/*1</i> in an unadjusted model.</p><p>Metabolic parameters according to ALDH2 activity (<i>ALDH2 *1/*1</i> active vs. <i>*1/*2</i> or <i>*2/*2</i> inactive) and drinking status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.</p

Changes in cardiovascular risk factors according to the octile of total leisure-time physical activity in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.

<p>Age- and sex-adjusted triglyceride (A), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (B), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C), systolic blood pressure (D), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) (E), and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (F) in the octile of T-LTPA in 4,870 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. +p<0.05, *p<0.01 <i>vs.</i> the lowest O1.</p