Zinc oxide enriched peat influence Escherichia coli infection related diarrhea, growth rates, serum and tissue zinc levels in Norwegian piglets around weaning: five case herd trials

Abstract Background Zinc oxide (ZnO), commonly used to control post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, has been highlighted as of potential concern from an environmental perspective. The aim of this field trial was to examine effects of different sources and levels of ZnO added to peat on average daily weight gain (ADG), fecal score in pens and serum and tissue zinc (Zn) levels around time of weaning in order to reduce the environmental impact without loss of the beneficial effect of ZnO on intestinal health and growth. Five case herds with enterotoxic colibacillosis challenges were included. The piglets entered the study aged three or five weeks. All piglets received a commercial diet containing <150 mg Zn/ per kg of complete feed. Four treatment groups received commercial peat added A: uncoated ZnO, B: lipid microencapsulated ZnO, C: solely commercial peat or D: no peat (Farms 2 and 3). Results At Farms 1, 2 and 3, a significant effect of treatment was identified for fecal score (P < 0.05). Treatment A led to lower fecal scores compared to treatments C (P < 0.05) and D (P < 0.01). At Farms 2 and 3, there was a significant difference in individual average daily weight gain (iADG) between treatment A and D (P < 0.05). The iADG of piglets receiving treatment B did not differ significantly from treatment A. Conclusions In 2016, The European Medicines Agency’s Committee on Veterinary Medicinal Products concluded that the benefits of ZnO for the prevention of diarrhea in pigs do not outweigh the risks to the environment. Effective alternative measures to reduce the accumulation of Zn in the environment have not been identified. Our results imply that peat added low concentration of both coated and uncoated ZnO influences the gut health of weaned piglets reflected by enhanced weight gain and reduced occurrence of diarrhea. This preventive approach certainly represents a favourable alternative in the “One Health” perspective. It will also contribute to reduced antibiotic use in pig farming while diminishing the environmental consequences caused by ZnO

Solid-State electrolytes:Structural approach

The chapter systematically describes how the structural framework dictates the pathways for ion mobility (e.g., 1D, 2Dand 3D) in solid-state electrolytes. In lithium-stuffed garnets, for example, Li+-ion shows three-dimensional nature of ion transport; whereas, the motion of same Li+-ion occurs in one-and two-dimensions in β-eucryptite (LiAlSiO4) and Li3N, respectively. In addition to Li+-ion, Na+, H+ and O2-ion-conducting solid-state electrolytes are also introduced in the chapter recognizing their greater importance on developing novel materials for renewable energy applications.</p