Attitudes Toward Science Among School Students Of Different Nations: A Review Study

This review examines the effects of nationality on attitudes of students to study science. It compares data from many countries published in refereed research journals, research reports, book chapters, and conference papers. The main aim is to identify the commonalities and variations in the students’ attitudes with particular focus on students from developing and developed countries. The search of bibliographical databases yielded a lot of researches. After title and abstract screening and after eliminating duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, this search ended up to include 15. Findings make it clear that students in different parts of the world develop differing attitudes toward science. It is observed that students are positive internationally; however, students in developing countries are more positive than the students in rich and developed countries, especially in Japan and Korea. Biology is most favourite, particularly of girls, whereas boys favour physics. It is also felt that comparing available attitude data is not simple and must be done with caution

Effect of Dietary Cation Anion Difference on Buffalo Performance during Summer

Influence of -110, +110, +220 and +330 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) of dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) on performance of early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes was examined in a randomized complete block design during summer. Four DCAD levels were randomly allotted to four groups, three buffaloes in each group. A linear increase in nutrients and water intakes were recorded with increasing the DCAD level. A significant increase in blood pH and HCO3 was noticed with increasing DCAD level. Serum (Na + K) - (Cl + S) increased linearly with increasing the DCAD level while high serum chloride was noticed in buffaloes fed -110 DCAD diet. The serum calcium increased significantly with decreasing the DCAD level while serum magnesium and phosphorus remained unaffected. Urine pH increased significantly with increasing DCAD level. Higher serum cortisol was notices in buffaloes fed -110 than those fed +330 mEq/kg. A linear increase in milk yield was also noticed with increasing the DCAD level. Milk fat% increased significantly with increasing the DCAD while all other milk constituents remained unaltered. Buffaloes fed high DCAD diets had higher conception rate and less services per conception than those fed low DCAD diets

Factors affecting digestion kinetics of forages in ruminants (A review). Pakistan Vet.

ABSTRACT Rumina! NOF and OM digestion and digestibility of OM decreased with increasing level of feed intake. Legumes had higher rates and lower extents of NOF digestion compared with grasses. Extent of digestion of legume NOF was lower than for grass because of lower cell wall content and higher lignification of the former. Rate of cell wall digestion was related to the anatomical structure of plant tissues, or greater microbial colonization of legumes than grasses. Increased intake and performance by ruminants can be obtained with the addition of alfalfa to grass based diet and this may be attributed to the positive associative affects of legumes, which had a higher digestion than grasses. Alfalfa supplementation increased the voluntary DM intake from 615 to 815 g/d for sheep fed ammoniated wheat straw and from 520 to 715 g/d for those fed untreated straw. Digestibility of treated straw increased from 39 to 43% and of untreated straw from 26-31% as a result of alfalfa inclusion in the diet. The digestibility of both treated and untreated straw was also increased. Legumes fed together with maize stover increased digestibility of cell-wall constituents compared with maize stover alone. The increased digestibility by legume supplementation could result from an improvement in the rumina! environment by supplying deficient nutrients or readily digestible cell wall substrate for cellulolytic bacteria. Fractional rate of NDF digestion was higher and extent was lower, respectively, in full bloom alfalfa (0. 075 h 1, 43.3%) compared with mature bromegrass (0. 043 h-1, 61.7%). Rate and extent oforchard grass NOF disappearance in situ was increased by 20 and 61 %in heifers fed early versus matured grass, respectively. Rate and extent of fiber digestion in vitro decreased with increased maturity and cell wall digestibility was 77% higher in immature grass than in immature legume stems. Rate and extent of NDF digestion in situ was increased by 24 and 35%, respectively. in prebloom versus bloom alfalfa hays. The decreased rate and extent of digestion in situ in late versus early matured forages was probably due to the increased fiber contents. Wethers fed forage with more stem had lower digestibilities of NDF and OM than those fed forages with less stem. Decreasing forage: concentrate ratio of diets led to greater reductions in the fractional digestion rate of cell wall components. Species of animal also had their influences on digestibility of forage consumed

Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Commonly Used Feed Ingredients in Growing Broilers

This experiment was conducted to determine standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of commonly used feed ingredients in poultry diets in Pakistan. These feed ingredients included corn, rice broken (RB), rice polishings (RP), wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM), guar meal (GM), soybean meal (SBM) from India and Argentine and fish meal (FM). The SIAAD of each ingredient was determined in triplicate using 21-days-old broilers. Day-old male broiler chicks (Hubbard× Hubbard) were reared on corn-SBM based diet from 1 to 13 days and thereafter birds were fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21. Each diet was fed to 36 birds kept in six replicate cages, each cage had six birds. In cereals, the SIAAD of corn’s amino acid (AA) (90.1%) was similar (p>0.05) to RB (89.0%). Isoleucine (97.8%) and lysine (96.9%) were highly digestible AA in corn and RB, respectively. Among cereal-by products, WB’s SIAAD (76.9%) was same (p>0.05) as RP (71.9%). Arginine from WB (82.5%) and RP (83.2%) was highly digestible. However, threonine in WB (72.7%) and leucine in RP (69.6%) were the lowest digestible AAs. In plant protein meals, AAs from Argentine-SBM (85.1%) and Indian-SBM (83.4%) had higher (p0.05). The SBM from plant protein meals had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD than other studied feed ingredients. However, the GM had the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among protein meals

Dietary cation anion difference: Impact on productive and reproductive performance in animal agriculture

Various nutritional tools have been used to improve the productive and reproductive performance of animals, among which difference between certain minerals, called dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) plays a pivotal role. Low or negative DCAD diets reduce blood pH and HCO3- and animal becomes acidotic. This improves Ca absorption from the intestinal tract. It also induces mobilization of Ca from bones which improves Ca status of the animal, thus preventing the occurrence of milk fever at the time of parturition. This may increase milk production and health in subsequent lactation. However, animals fed high DCAD diets before parturition may suffer from milk fever. Milk fever affected animals have increased plasma cortisol level that causes immunosuppression at calving. It is also positively associated with other problems like retained placenta, mastitis and udder edema. On the other hand, feeding high DCAD diet results in increased ruminal pH which is pre-requisite for optimal microbialactivity as well as improving the feed intake of the animal. Improved dry matter intake (DMI) is positively correlated with milk yield by providing precursors for various milk constituents. High DCAD diet results in increased milk fat percent due to shifting of ruminal volatile fatty acid production towards acetic acid and butyric acid. It also improves energy balance of the animal which causes increased blood flow towards ovaries and increased progesterone synthesis and follicular development due to positive association between energy balance and postpartum ovulation, which leads to improved reproductive performance of the animal. While feeding low DCAD diet reduces feed intake which causes negative energy balance in early lactating animals that lessens conception rate and increases services per conception. In conclusion, feeding low DCAD diets prepartum prevents the occurrence of milk fever via improving Ca status while feeding high DCAD diets results in improved productive and reproductive performance in lactating animals.Key words: Feed intake, milk yield, reproductive performance, hypocalcaemia, dietary cation anion difference

Digestibility, intake, and growth performance of egg protein replaced with vegetable protein in weaning food

AbstractEgg protein (EP) may help to decrease the risk of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in infants. A 28 d research trial was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of EP on water intake, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, efficiency parameters, and anthropometric parameters in Wistar albino weaned pups. Weaning food was prepared by adding various EP in the diet (non-isonitrogenous and isocaloric) of 72 male and female rats to determine the best level for growth/development. Pups were randomly allotted to various concentrations of diet such as WF0 (soybean protein), WF1 (14% of EP), WF2 (16% of EP), and WF3 (18% of EP). Dry matter intake (DMI) was significant in pups fed with WF2 (22.66 ± 0.27 g/kg on 0 d and 27.43 ± 0.32 g/kg on 28 d) and WF3 (23.46 ± 0.28 g/kg on 0 d and 28.88 ± 0.33 g/kg on 28 d) diets as compared to the WF0 (19.30 ± 0.24 g/kg on 0 d and 26.76 ± 0.31 g/kg on 28 d) and WF1 (21.90 ± 0.26 g/kg on 0 d and 27.08 ± 0.32 g/kg on 28 day) diets. The crude fiber (CF) intake was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced by increasing the level of EP in the diets of pups, while crude protein (CP) intake was increased with an increase in the EP levels. A similar trend was observed in ether extract (EE) intake. The DMI, CP, and EE digestibility were highest in pups fed the WF3 diet. Likewise, a trend was noticed in the protein efficiency ratio, while the highest feed consumption ratio and consumption index were observed in pups fed a control diet. The weight gain and body length were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in the pups fed with the different concentrations of EP. The WF3 diet showed better growth after the best digestibility of the nutrients in pups and could therefore be recommended as an infant weaning food