Vida y medios de subsistencia más seguros en las montañas: Cómo lograr que el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres trabaje para el desarrollo sostenible de las regiones de montaña

Mountain systems are very diverse and so is the pattern of natural hazards. Worldwide disaster databases show that associated human and economic losses are significant but vary greatly between and within mountain regions. Continued changes in climate, land use and socio-economic conditions are likely to lead to vastly altered mountain landscapes in the future, with associated implications for hazards and impacts on sustainable mountain development

Synaptic tagging and capture in the living rat

In isolated hippocampal slices, decaying long-term potentiation can be stabilized and converted to late long-term potentiation lasting many hours, by prior or subsequent strong high-frequency tetanization of an independent input to a common population of neurons—a phenomenon known as ‘synaptic tagging and capture’. Here we show that the same phenomenon occurs in the intact rat. Late long-term potentiation can be induced in CA1 during the inhibition of protein synthesis if an independent input is strongly tetanized beforehand. Conversely, declining early long-term potentiation induced by weak tetanization can be converted into lasting late long-term potentiation by subsequent strong tetanization of a separate input. These findings indicate that synaptic tagging and capture is not limited to in vitro preparations; the past and future activity of neurons has a critical role in determining the persistence of synaptic changes in the living animal, thus providing a bridge between cellular studies of protein synthesis-dependent synaptic potentiation and behavioural studies of memory persistence

Leupeptin, a thiol proteinase inhibitor, causes a selective impairment of spatial maze performance in rats.

The effects of chronic intraventricular infusion of leupeptin, a potent inhibitor of thiol proteinases, were tested on ingestive behaviors, escape and avoidance conditioning, and spatial memory in rats. The drug did not detectably influence feeding, drinking, body temperature, or the latency to escape from a mild footshock or inhibitory avoidance behavior. However, rats treated with leupeptin made numerous errors ( reentries ) in an eight-arm spatial maze. These results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that calcium-activated thiol proteinases are involved in the formation of certain types of memory

Leupeptin, a thiol proteinase inhibitor, causes a selective impairment of spatial maze performance in rats.

The effects of chronic intraventricular infusion of leupeptin, a potent inhibitor of thiol proteinases, were tested on ingestive behaviors, escape and avoidance conditioning, and spatial memory in rats. The drug did not detectably influence feeding, drinking, body temperature, or the latency to escape from a mild footshock or inhibitory avoidance behavior. However, rats treated with leupeptin made numerous errors ( reentries ) in an eight-arm spatial maze. These results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that calcium-activated thiol proteinases are involved in the formation of certain types of memory

Pharmacological dissociation of memory: anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, block different learning tasks.

Inhibition of protein synthesis by anisomycin for a short duration impairs memory of a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Memory of escape conditioning involving eight trials is disrupted only if the duration of protein synthesis is prolonged by repeated injections. In marked contrast, olfactory memory of rats trained on two odor discriminations is not affected by anisomycin even if the duration of inhibition is prolonged and the number of trials is reduced to a minimum. In previous work, leupeptin, a thiol proteinase inhibitor, was shown to impair olfactory discrimination learning, but left inhibitory and avoidance conditioning intact. Together, these results provide a pharmacological double dissociation of memory, and suggest that the same chemistries, or mixtures of chemistries, may not be involved in all types of memory

Pharmacological dissociation of memory: anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, block different learning tasks.

Inhibition of protein synthesis by anisomycin for a short duration impairs memory of a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Memory of escape conditioning involving eight trials is disrupted only if the duration of protein synthesis is prolonged by repeated injections. In marked contrast, olfactory memory of rats trained on two odor discriminations is not affected by anisomycin even if the duration of inhibition is prolonged and the number of trials is reduced to a minimum. In previous work, leupeptin, a thiol proteinase inhibitor, was shown to impair olfactory discrimination learning, but left inhibitory and avoidance conditioning intact. Together, these results provide a pharmacological double dissociation of memory, and suggest that the same chemistries, or mixtures of chemistries, may not be involved in all types of memory

Diverse natural hazards – high human and economic losses

Mountain systems are very diverse and so is the pattern of natural hazards. Worldwide disaster databases show that associated human and economic losses are significant but vary greatly between and within mountain regions. Continued changes in climate, land use and socio-economic conditions are likely to lead to vastly altered mountain landscapes in the future, with associated implications for hazards and impacts on sustainable mountain development