Association of angiotensinogen and angiotensin II receptor type I polymorphisms with biomarkers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in Dagestan residents with type 2 diabetes and hypertension

Aim. To study the associations of angiotensinogen (AGT) (s4762(С521Т), rs699(Т704C)) and angiotensin II receptor type I (AGTR1) (rs5186(A1166C)) genetic polymorphisms with serum levels of insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, leptin, as well as with dyslipidemia and glycemic levels in Dagestan residents with combination of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension (HTN), as well as with isolated T2D/HTN.Material and methods. We examined 16 patients with isolated T2D, 59 patients with T2D+HTN and 51 patients with isolated HTN from Dagestan. Genetic polymorphisms of the AGT and AGTR1 genes were studied. The levels of insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, and leptin were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while lipid and carbohydrate metabolism — by biochemical methods.Results. In patients with T2D, the association of CC genotype of AGT gene rs4762(С521Т) polymorphism with a leptin decrease was determined, while its CT genotype was associated with an increase in serum level of triglycerides. The TC genotype of AGT gene rs699(Т704C) polymorphism was associated with an increase in leptin, triglyceride and glucose levels. The AA genotype of AGTR1 gene rs5186(A1166C) polymorphism was associated with an increase in insulin and glucose levels, as well as a decrease in leptin level. In patients with a combination of T2D and HTN, CC and CT genotypes of AGT gene rs4762(С521Т) polymorphism was associated with a decrease in glucagon level. The TT genotype of AGT gene rs699(Т704C) polymorphism was associated with an increase in insulin, triglyceride, glucose and body mass index (BMI) levels. In isolated HTN, the CC and CT genotypes of AGT gene rs4762(С521Т) polymorphism were associated ith a decrease in glucagon level. The TT genotype of AGT gene rs699(Т704C) polymorphism was associated with increased levels of insulin, low density lipoproteins, and BMI.Conclusion. Associations of AGT (s4762(С521Т), rs699(Т704C)) and AGTR1 (rs5186(A1166C)) genetic polymorphisms with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism changes are an important pathogenetic link of T2D and HTN, which allows developing an individual prognosis of these diseases in Dagestan residents

Genetic polymorphism of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes and in combination with arterial hypertension among Dagestan inhabitants

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension are frequent comorbidities under which activation the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is important pathogenetic link. The functional state of the RAAS is genetically determined. Genetic polymorphisms of the RAAS system associated with the development of both type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension have been identified and mapped. Associations of polymorphic variants of the RAAS genes with type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension among the inhabitants of Dagestan have not been studied. AIM: Studying the association of the most relevant polymorphic variants of the C521T and T704C AGT gene, as well as the A1166C AGTR1 gene with type 2 diabetes and when combining type 2 diabetes with arterial hypertension among Dagestan inhabitants. METHODS: We examined 16 patients with type 2 diabetes, 59 patients with type 2 diabetes combined with arterial hypertension and 51 patients with arterial hypertension, all residents of Dagestan. The control group included 47 healthy persons of the same age group. SNP polymorphisms were investigated by the method of allele-specific Real-Time PCR. The C521T and T704C polymorphisms of the AGT gene and the A1166C polymorphism of the AGTR1 gene were studied. RESULTS: In the group of patients with a combination type 2 diabetes with arterial hypertension, the genotype CT of the C521T polymorphism of the AGT gene is less common compared to the control (23% vs. 43%, χ2 = 3,868, p = 0,049), OR score – 0,4 (0,2-0,9 ). The situation is similar with the TC genotype of the T704C polymorphism of the AGT gene (39% versus 61%, χ2 = 4,282, p = 0,039). OR was 0,4 (0,2–0,8).On the contrary, in the same patients, but the carriers of the homozygous CC genotype of the T704C polymorphism of the AGT gene, OR exceeded one and made 2.5 (1.02-5.9), the frequency of occurrence was 42% vs. 23%, χ2 = 3,363, p = 0,05. The frequency of the mutant allele C of the A1166C polymorphism of the AGTR1 gene in patients with arterial hypertension alone was 31% vs. 14%, χ2 = 5.496, p = 0,019, OR – 2,5 (1,2-5,0). The frequency of the wild allele A in these same patients was 69% versus 84%, χ2 = 5,496, p = 0,019, OR – 0,4 (0,2-0,8). A similar situation is determined with the AA genotype (52% versus 73%, χ2 = 3,609, p = 0,05), OR = 0,4 (0,1-0,9). CONCLUSIONS: The association of the C521T and T704C polymorphisms, as well as the A1166C candidate genes AGT and AGTR1 with type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension, is an important component in assessing the susceptibility to the development of these diseases in Dagestan residents

f(R) theories

Over the past decade, f(R) theories have been extensively studied as one of the simplest modifications to General Relativity. In this article we review various applications of f(R) theories to cosmology and gravity - such as inflation, dark energy, local gravity constraints, cosmological perturbations, and spherically symmetric solutions in weak and strong gravitational backgrounds. We present a number of ways to distinguish those theories from General Relativity observationally and experimentally. We also discuss the extension to other modified gravity theories such as Brans-Dicke theory and Gauss-Bonnet gravity, and address models that can satisfy both cosmological and local gravity constraints.Comment: 156 pages, 14 figures, Invited review article in Living Reviews in Relativity, Published version, Comments are welcom

Clinical and Hemotological Indications on the Fifth Day of the Treatment of Sheep with Senurose after Surgery

This article provides brief information about the clinical and hematological parameters of sheep with senurosis on the fifth day after surgery. Experiments were conducted on 17 sheep suffering from senurosis. After the operation, blood samples were taken from each sheep on the 5th day of treatment, blood analyzes were performed, and the obtained results were statistically processed

THE PREVALENCE OF TRADITIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND IN THOSE WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS

Objective: to comparatively analyze and estimate the prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) and the blood lipid spectrum in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in those with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 48 patients (41 females and 7 males) (mean age, 51.3±4.3 years) with RA who fulfilled the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and 46 patients (25 females and 21 males) (mean age, 49.6±3.8 years) with PsA fulfilling the 2006 Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria who were treated in Dushanbe City Medical Center (CMC) Two in 2012 to 2019. The traditional and disease-related RFs of cardiovascular events (CVEs) were analyzed to identify the total cardiovascular risk using the SCORE and 2010 SCORE/EULAR scales; duplex scanning of the carotid arteries was performed to measure intima-media thickness and to identify atherosclerotic plaques; the blood lipid spectrum (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC)). The atherogenic index (TC-HDLC/HDLC) was calculated to determine the ratio of atherogenic to antiatherogenic lipoproteins.Results and discussion. The most common RFs for CVEs in the examined patients with RA and in those with PsA were hypertension (64.5 and 58.6%, respectively) and dyslipidemia (58.2 and 69.2%). It was found that systemic inflammation and pharmacotherapy for RA and PsA were actively involved in the formation of an atherogenic lipid profile and that the incidence of CVEs increased in patients with RA and in those with PsA who had two or more traditional and the so-called disease-related RFs.Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the development and progression of a wide range of CVEs in patients with RA and in those with PsA are based on the cumulative effect and complex interaction of chronic systemic autoimmune inflammation, traditional cardiovascular RFs, and long-term and uncontrolled use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids, which assumes that CVEs have a multifactorial nature in RA and PsA